Theano: A Python framework for fast computation of mathematical expressions

preprint2016arXivOpen access
The Theano Development TeamRami Al-RfouGuillaume AlainAmjad AlmahairiChristof AngermuellerDzmitry BahdanauNicolas BallasFrédéric BastienJustin BayerAnatoly BelikovAlexander BelopolskyYoshua BengioArnaud BergeronJames BergstraValentin BissonJosh Bleecher SnyderNicolas BouchardNicolas Boulanger-LewandowskiXavier BouthillierAlexandre de BrébissonOlivier BreuleuxPierre-Luc CarrierKyunghyun ChoJan ChorowskiPaul ChristianoTim CooijmansMarc-Alexandre CôtéMyriam CôtéAaron CourvilleYann N. DauphinOlivier DelalleauJulien DemouthGuillaume DesjardinsSander DielemanLaurent DinhMélanie DucoffeVincent DumoulinSamira Ebrahimi KahouDumitru ErhanZiye FanOrhan FiratMathieu GermainXavier GlorotIan GoodfellowMatt GrahamCaglar GulcehrePhilippe HamelIban HarlouchetJean-Philippe HengBalázs HidasiSina HonariArjun JainSébastien JeanKai JiaMikhail KorobovVivek KulkarniAlex LambPascal LamblinEric LarsenCésar LaurentSean LeeSimon LefrancoisSimon LemieuxNicholas LéonardZhouhan LinJesse A. LivezeyCory LorenzJeremiah LowinQianli MaPierre-Antoine ManzagolOlivier MastropietroRobert T. McGibbonRoland MemisevicBart van MerriënboerVincent MichalskiMehdi MirzaAlberto OrlandiChristopher PalRazvan PascanuMohammad PezeshkiColin RaffelDaniel RenshawMatthew RocklinAdriana RomeroMarkus RothPeter SadowskiJohn SalvatierFrançois SavardJan SchlüterJohn SchulmanGabriel SchwartzIulian Vlad SerbanDmitriy SerdyukSamira ShabanianÉtienne SimonSigurd SpieckermannS. Ramana SubramanyamJakub SygnowskiJérémie TanguayGijs van TulderJoseph TurianSebastian UrbanPascal VincentFrancesco VisinHarm de VriesDavid Warde-FarleyDustin J. WebbMatthew WillsonKelvin XuLijun XueLi YaoSaizheng ZhangYing Zhang

Abstract

Theano is a Python library that allows to define, optimize, and evaluate mathematical expressions involving multi-dimensional arrays efficiently. Since its introduction, it has been one of the most used CPU and GPU mathematical compilers - especially in the machine learning community - and has shown steady performance improvements. Theano is being actively and continuously developed since 2008, multiple frameworks have been built on top of it and it has been used to produce many state-of-the-art machine learning models. The present article is structured as follows. Section I provides an overview of the Theano software and its community. Section II presents the principal features of Theano and how to use them, and compares them with other similar projects. Section III focuses on recently-introduced functionalities and improvements. Section IV compares the performance of Theano against Torch7 and TensorFlow on several machine learning models. Section V discusses current limitations of Theano and potential ways of improving it.

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