DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

preprint2026arXivOpen access
DeepSeek-AIDaya GuoDejian YangHaowei ZhangJunxiao SongPeiyi WangQihao ZhuRunxin XuRuoyu ZhangShirong MaXiao BiXiaokang ZhangXingkai YuYu WuZ. F. WuZhibin GouZhihong ShaoZhuoshu LiZiyi GaoAixin LiuBing XueBingxuan WangBochao WuBei FengChengda LuChenggang ZhaoChengqi DengChenyu ZhangChong RuanDamai DaiDeli ChenDongjie JiErhang LiFangyun LinFucong DaiFuli LuoGuangbo HaoGuanting ChenGuowei LiH. ZhangHan BaoHanwei XuHaocheng WangHonghui DingHuajian XinHuazuo GaoHui QuHui LiJianzhong GuoJiashi LiJiawei WangJingchang ChenJingyang YuanJunjie QiuJunlong LiJ. L. CaiJiaqi Nijian LiangJin ChenKai DongKai HuKaige GaoKang GuanKexin HuangKuai YuLean WangLecong ZhangLiang ZhaoLitong WangLiyue ZhangLei XuLeyi XiaMingchuan ZhangMinghua ZhangMinghui TangMeng LiMiaojun WangMingming LiNing TianPanpan HuangPeng ZhangQiancheng WangQinyu ChenQiushi DuRuiqi GeRuisong ZhangRuizhe PanRunji WangR. J. ChenR. L. JinRuyi ChenShanghao LuShangyan ZhouShanhuang ChenShengfeng YeShiyu WangShuiping YuShunfeng ZhouShuting PanS. S. LiShuang ZhouShaoqing WuTao YunTian PeiTianyu SunT. WangWangding ZengWanjia ZhaoWen LiuWenfeng LiangWenjun GaoWenqin YuWentao ZhangW. L. XiaoWei AnXiaodong LiuXiaohan WangXiaokang ChenXiaotao NieXin ChengXin LiuXin XieXingchao LiuXinyu YangXinyuan LiXuecheng SuXuheng LinX. Q. LiXiangyue JinXiaojin ShenXiaosha ChenXiaowen SunXiaoxiang WangXinnan SongXinyi ZhouXianzu WangXinxia ShanY. K. LiY. Q. WangY. X. WeiYang ZhangYanhong XuYao LiYao ZhaoYaofeng SunYaohui WangYi YuYichao ZhangYifan ShiYiliang XiongYing HeYishi PiaoYisong WangYixuan TanYiyang MaYiyuan LiuYongqiang GuoYuan OuYuduan WangYue GongYuheng ZouYujia HeYunfan XiongYuxiang LuoYuxiang YouYuxuan LiuYuyang ZhouY. X. ZhuYanping HuangYaohui LiYi ZhengYuchen ZhuYunxian MaYing TangYukun ZhaYuting YanZ. Z. RenZehui RenZhangli ShaZhe FuZhean XuZhenda XieZhengyan ZhangZhewen HaoZhicheng MaZhigang YanZhiyu WuZihui GuZijia ZhuZijun LiuZilin LiZiwei XieZiyang SongZizheng PanZhen HuangZhipeng XuZhongyu ZhangZhen Zhang

Abstract

General reasoning represents a long-standing and formidable challenge in artificial intelligence. Recent breakthroughs, exemplified by large language models (LLMs) and chain-of-thought prompting, have achieved considerable success on foundational reasoning tasks. However, this success is heavily contingent upon extensive human-annotated demonstrations, and models' capabilities are still insufficient for more complex problems. Here we show that the reasoning abilities of LLMs can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning (RL), obviating the need for human-labeled reasoning trajectories. The proposed RL framework facilitates the emergent development of advanced reasoning patterns, such as self-reflection, verification, and dynamic strategy adaptation. Consequently, the trained model achieves superior performance on verifiable tasks such as mathematics, coding competitions, and STEM fields, surpassing its counterparts trained via conventional supervised learning on human demonstrations. Moreover, the emergent reasoning patterns exhibited by these large-scale models can be systematically harnessed to guide and enhance the reasoning capabilities of smaller models.

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