Transition of a 2D spin mode to a helical state by lateral confinement

Spin-orbit interaction (SOI) leads to spin precession about a momentum-dependent spin-orbit field. In a diffusive two-dimensional (2D) electron gas, the spin orientation at a given spatial position depends on which trajectory the electron travels to that position. In the transition to a 1D system with increasing lateral confinement, the spin orientation becomes more and more independent on the trajectory. It is predicted that a long-lived helical spin mode emerges. Here we visualize this transition experimentally in a GaAs quantum-well structure with isotropic SOI. Spatially resolved measurements show the formation of a helical mode already for non-quantized and non-ballistic channels. We find a spin-lifetime enhancement that is in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Lateral confinement of a 2D electron gas provides an easy-to-implement technique for achieving high spin lifetimes in the presence of strong SOI for a wide range of material systems.

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