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Green$'$s function approach to edge states in transition metal dichalcogenides

The semiconducting two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides MX$_{2}$ show an abundance of one-dimensional metallic edges and grain boundaries. Standard techniques for calculating edge states typically model nanoribbons, and require the use of supercells. In this paper we formulate a Green$'$s function technique for calculating edge states of (semi-)infinite two-dimensional systems with a single well-defined edge or grain boundary. We express Green$'$s functions in terms of Bloch matrices, constructed from the solutions of a quadratic eigenvalue equation. The technique can be applied to any localized basis representation of the Hamiltonian. Here we use it to calculate edge states of MX$_{2}$ monolayers by means of tight-binding models. Besides the basic zigzag and armchair edges, we study edges with a more general orientation, structurally modifed edges, and grain boundaries. A simple three-band model captures an important part of the edge electronic structures. An eleven-band model comprising all valence orbitals of the M and X atoms, is required to obtain all edge states with energies in the MX$_{2}$ band gap. Here states of odd symmetry with respect to a mirror plane through the layer of M atoms have a dangling-bond character, and tend to pin the Fermi level.