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Kai Pan

Kai Pan appears in the imported research catalog. Authorship, coauthor and topic links are available while profile ownership is still unclaimed.

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physics.acc-ph Artificial Intelligence physics.ins-det physics.optics Computer Vision eess.IV math.OC nucl-ex quant-ph Software Engineering

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preprint2026arXiv

Agent-First Tool API: A Semantic Interface Paradigm for Enterprise AI Agent Systems

As AI agents transition from research prototypes to enterprise production systems, the tool interfaces they consume remain rooted in human-oriented CRUD paradigms. This paper identifies five fundamental architectural mismatches between conventional APIs and autonomous agent requirements: exact-identifier dependence, rendering-oriented responses, single-shot interaction assumptions, user-equivalent authorization, and opaque error semantics. We propose the Agent-First Tool API paradigm, comprising three integrated mechanisms: (1) a Six-Verb Semantic Protocol that decomposes tool interactions into search, resolve, preview, execute, verify, and recover phases; (2) a Normalized Tool Contract (NTC) providing structured decision-support metadata including confidence scores, evidence chains, and suggested next actions; and (3) a dual-layer governance pipeline combining static capability policies with dynamic risk escalation. The paradigm is implemented and validated in a production multi-tenant SaaS platform serving 85 registered tools across 6 business domains. Comparative experiments on 50 real operational tasks demonstrate that Agent-First APIs achieve 88% end-to-end task success rate versus 64% for optimized CRUD baselines (+37.5%), while reducing required human interventions by 72.7% and improving autonomous error recovery by 5.8x. We establish that the paradigm is orthogonal and complementary to transport-layer standards such as MCP, operating as the semantic application layer above existing tool discovery and invocation protocols.

preprint2026arXiv

Beyond Autonomy: A Dynamic Tiered AgentRunner Framework for Governable and Resilient Enterprise AI Execution

Current large language model agent frameworks prioritize autonomy but lack the governability mechanisms required for enterprise deployment. High-risk write operations proceed without independent review, complex tasks lack acceptance verification, and computational resources are allocated uniformly regardless of risk level. We propose the Dynamic Tiered AgentRunner, a controlled execution protocol distilled from a production-grade multi-tenant SaaS platform. The framework introduces three core mechanisms: (1) Risk-Adaptive Tiering that dynamically allocates computational resources and review intensity based on task risk profiles, achieving Pareto-optimal trade-offs between safety and efficiency; (2) Separation of Powers architecture where proposal, review, execution, and verification are performed by independent agents with physically isolated boundaries; and (3) Resilience-by-Design through a Verifier-Recovery closed loop that treats failure as a first-class system state. We formalize the tier selectio

preprint2022arXiv

DS3-Net: Difficulty-perceived Common-to-T1ce Semi-Supervised Multimodal MRI Synthesis Network

Contrast-enhanced T1 (T1ce) is one of the most essential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities for diagnosing and analyzing brain tumors, especially gliomas. In clinical practice, common MRI modalities such as T1, T2, and fluid attenuation inversion recovery are relatively easy to access while T1ce is more challenging considering the additional cost and potential risk of allergies to the contrast agent. Therefore, it is of great clinical necessity to develop a method to synthesize T1ce from other common modalities. Current paired image translation methods typically have the issue of requiring a large amount of paired data and do not focus on specific regions of interest, e.g., the tumor region, in the synthesization process. To address these issues, we propose a Difficulty-perceived common-to-T1ce Semi-Supervised multimodal MRI Synthesis network (DS3-Net), involving both paired and unpaired data together with dual-level knowledge distillation. DS3-Net predicts a difficulty map to progressively promote the synthesis task. Specifically, a pixelwise constraint and a patchwise contrastive constraint are guided by the predicted difficulty map. Through extensive experiments on the publiclyavailable BraTS2020 dataset, DS3-Net outperforms its supervised counterpart in each respect. Furthermore, with only 5% paired data, the proposed DS3-Net achieves competitive performance with state-of-theart image translation methods utilizing 100% paired data, delivering an average SSIM of 0.8947 and an average PSNR of 23.60.

preprint2022arXiv

Exploration of the computational model and the focusing process with a Flat Multi-channel Plate and a Curved Multi-channel Plate in the MATLAB

By simulating the X-ray paths and the Chapman Model of a flat multi-channel plate and a curved multi-channel plate in the MATLAB, the field of view, local reflection efficiency, spherical aberration, point-spread function, collection efficiency of incident X-ray and peak-to-background ratio on the focal plane of the two devices were compared. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of the flat multi-channel plate and the curved multi-channel plate were compared.

preprint2022arXiv

Recent neutron focusing experiments using polycapillary lens in CSNS

Higher neutron current densities can provide convenience for neutron experiments. Using neutron optical focusing elements, large flux beams transported to sample can be achieved. As one kind of focusing elements, polycapillary lens is very suitable for neutron absorption experiments such as PGAA and NDP technology. At present, a Neutron Physics and Application Spectrometer was in construction in CSNS, which is the first pulsed neutron source in China. To provide some suggestions and ideas for the following design of enhanced PGAA or NDP instrument with polycapillary lens in CSNS, a first neutron focusing experiment using polycapillary lens in CSNS was conducted. For 0.5-12.6 polychromatic beam, a focal spot with FWHM of 800 was obtained. As the value of wavelength increased, the beam size, transmission efficiency and gain increased. For cold neutron, the gain maintained in a level of 7.

preprint2022arXiv

Theoretical Simulation and Experiment Investigation of X-ray transmission characteristics though Square Polycapillary Slice Lens with quadratic curve

The x-ray polycapillary lens is an optical device with good optic performance. Similar to the traditional X-ray polycapillary lens, square polycapillary slice lens was regulated on X-ray based on the full reflection principle of X-ray in the capillaries surfaces. According to its geometrical structure model and the X-ray tracing principle, a set of X-ray transmission procedures was established. A complete square polycapillary slice lens with quadratic curve was produced and the optical performance was tested

preprint2016arXiv

A Polyhedral Study of the Integrated Minimum-Up/-Down Time and Ramping Polytope

In this paper, we study the polyhedral structure of an integrated minimum-up/-down time and ramping polytope, which has broad applications in variant industries. The polytope we studied includes minimum-up/-down time, generation ramp-up/-down rate, logical, and generation upper/lower bound constraints. By exploring its specialized structures, we derive strong valid inequalities and explore a new proof technique to prove these inequalities are sufficient to provide convex hull descriptions for variant two-period and three-period polytopes, under different parameter settings. For multi-period cases, we derive generalized strong valid inequalities (including one, two, and three continuous variables, respectively) and further prove that these inequalities are facet-defining under mild conditions. Moreover, we discover efficient polynomial time separation algorithms for these inequalities to improve the computational efficiency. Finally, extensive computational experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of our proposed strong valid inequalities by testing the applications of these inequalities to solve both self-scheduling and network-constrained unit commitment problems, for which our derived approach outperforms the default CPLEX significantly.

preprint2013arXiv

A Scaler-Based Data Acquisition System for Measuring Parity-Violating Asymmetry in Deep Inelastic Scattering

An experiment that measured the parity-violating asymmetries in deep inelastic scattering was completed at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in experimental Hall A. From these asymmetries, a combination of the quark weak axial charge could be extracted with a factor of five improvement in precision over world data. To achieve this, asymmetries at the $10^{-4}$ level needed to be measured at event rates up to 600 kHz and the high pion background typical to deep inelastic scattering experiments needed to be rejected efficiently. A specialized data acquisition (DAQ) system with intrinsic particle identification (PID) was successfully developed and used: The pion contamination in the electron samples was controlled at the order of $2\times 10^{-4}$ or below with an electron efficiency of higher than 91 % during most of the production period of the experiment, the systematic uncertainty in the measured asymmetry due to DAQ deadtime was below 0.5 %, and the statistical quality of the asymmetry measurement agreed with the Gaussian distribution to over five orders of magnitudes. The DAQ system is presented here with an emphasis on its design scheme, the achieved PID performance, deadtime effect and the capability of measuring small asymmetries.

preprint2010arXiv

Calculation of nonzero-temperature Casimir forces in the time domain

We show how to compute Casimir forces at nonzero temperatures with time-domain electromagnetic simulations, for example using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Compared to our previous zero-temperature time-domain method, only a small modification is required, but we explain that some care is required to properly capture the zero-frequency contribution. We validate the method against analytical and numerical frequency-domain calculations, and show a surprising high-temperature disappearance of a non-monotonic behavior previously demonstrated in a piston-like geometry.

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