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Nonmonotonic plasmon dispersion in strongly interacting Coulomb Luttinger liquids

We demonstrate that the plasmon in one-dimensional Coulomb interacting electron fluids can develop a finite-momentum maxon-roton-like nonmonotonic energy-momentum dispersion. Such an unusual nonmonotonicity arises from the strongly interacting $1/r$ Coulomb potential going beyond the conventional band linearization approximation used in the standard bosonization theories of Luttinger liquids. We provide details for the nonmonotonic plasmon dispersion using both bosonization and RPA theories. We also calculate the specific heat including the nonmonotonicity and discuss possibilities for observing the nonmonotonic plasmon dispersion in various physical systems including semiconductor quantum wires, carbon nanotubes, and the twisted bilayer graphene at sub-degree twist angles, which naturally realize one-dimensional domain-wall states.