Mass ratio of elementary excitations in frustrated antiferromagnetic chains with dimerization

Excitation spectra of S=1/2 and S=1 frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains with bond alternation (explicit dimerization) are studied using a combination of analytical and numerical methods. The system undergoes a dimerization transition at a critical bond alternation parameter $δ=δ_{\rm c}$, where $δ_{\rm c} = 0$ for the S=1/2 chain. The SU(2)-symmetric sine-Gordon theory is known to be an effective field theory of the system except at the transition point. The sine-Gordon theory has a SU(2)-triplet and a SU(2)-singlet of elementary excitation, and the mass ratio $r$ of the singlet to the triplet is $\sqrt{3}$. However, our numerical calculation with the infinite time-evolving block decimation method shows that $r$ depends on the frustration (next-nearest-neighbor coupling) and is generally different from $\sqrt{3}$. This can be understood as an effect of marginal perturbation to the sine-Gordon theory. In fact, at the critical frustration separating the second-order and first-order dimerization transitions, the marginal operator vanishes and $r=\sqrt{3}$ holds. We derive the mass ratio $r$ analytically using form-factor perturbation theory combined with a renormalization-group analysis. Our formula agrees well with the numerical results, confirming the theoretical picture. The present theory also implies that, even in the presence of a marginally irrelevant operator, the mass ratio approaches $\sqrt{3}$ in the very vicinity of the second-order dimerization critical point $δ\sim δ_c$. However, such a region is extremely small and would be difficult to observe numerically.

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