Linear orthogonality preservers of Hilbert $C^*$-modules over general $C^*$-algebras

As a partial generalisation of the Uhlhorn theorem to Hilbert $C^*$-modules, we show in this article that the module structure and the orthogonality structure of a Hilbert $C^*$-module determine its Hilbert $C^*$-module structure. In fact, we have a more general result as follows. Let $A$ be a $C^*$-algebra, $E$ and $F$ be Hilbert $A$-modules, and $I_E$ be the ideal of $A$ generated by $\{\langle x,y\rangle_A: x,y\in E\}$. If $Φ: E\to F$ is an $A$-module map, not assumed to be bounded but satisfying $\langle Φ(x),Φ(y)\rangle_A\ =\ 0\quad\text{whenever}\quad\langle x,y\rangle_A\ =\ 0,$ then there exists a unique central positive multiplier $u\in M(I_E)$ such that $\langle Φ(x), Φ(y)\rangle_A\ =\ u \langle x, y\rangle_A\qquad (x,y\in E).$ As a consequence, $Φ$ is automatically bounded, the induced map $Φ_0: E\to \overline{Φ(E)}$ is adjointable, and $\overline{Eu^{1/2}}$ is isomorphic to $\overline{Φ(E)}$ as Hilbert $A$-modules. If, in addition, $Φ$ is bijective, then $E$ is isomorphic to $F$.

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