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Lattice Abelian-Higgs model with noncompact gauge fields

We consider a noncompact lattice formulation of the three-dimensional electrodynamics with $N$-component complex scalar fields, i.e., the lattice Abelian-Higgs model with noncompact gauge fields. For any $N\ge 2$, the phase diagram shows three phases differing for the behavior of the scalar-field and gauge-field correlations: the Coulomb phase (short-ranged scalar and long-ranged gauge correlations), the Higgs phase (condensed scalar-field and gapped gauge correlations), and the molecular phase (condensed scalar-field and long-ranged gauge correlations). They are separated by three transition lines meeting at a multicritical point. Their nature depends on the coexisting phases and on the number $N$ of components of the scalar field. In particular, the Coulomb-to-molecular transition line (where gauge correlations are irrelevant) is associated with the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson $Φ^4$ theory sharing the same SU($N$) global symmetry but without explicit gauge fields. On the other hand, the Coulomb-to-Higgs transition line (where gauge correlations are relevant) turns out to be described by the continuum Abelian-Higgs field theory with explicit gauge fields. Our numerical study is based on finite-size scaling analyses of Monte Carlo simulations with $C^*$ boundary conditions (appropriate for lattice systems with noncompact gauge variables, unlike periodic boundary conditions), for several values of $N$, i.e., $N=2, 4, 10, 15$, and $25$. The numerical results agree with the renormalization-group predictions of the continuum field theories. In particular, the Coulomb-to-Higgs transitions are continuous for $N\gtrsim 10$, in agreement with the predictions of the Abelian-Higgs field theory.