Paper detail

Generalized hydrodynamics study of the one-dimensional Hubbard model: Stationary clogging and proportionality of spin, charge, and energy currents

In our previous work [Y. Nozawa and H. Tsunetsugu, Phys. Rev. B 101, 035121 (2020)], we studied quench dynamics in the one-dimensional Hubbard model based on the generalized hydrodynamics theory for a partitioning protocol and showed the presence of a clogging phenomenon. Clogging is a phenomenon that vanishing charge current coexists with nonzero energy current, and was found when the protocol uses the initial condition that the left half of the system is prepared to be half filling at high temperatures with the right half being empty. Clogging occurs at all the sites in the left half and lasts for a time proportional to its distance from the connection point. In this paper, we use various different initial conditions and discuss two issues. The first issue is the possibility of clogging in a stationary state. When the electron density in the right half is initially set nonzero, we found that the left half-filled part expands for various sets of parameters in the initial condition. This means that the clogging phenomenon occurs at all the sites in the long-time stationary state, and we also discuss its origin. In addition, stationary clogging is accompanied by a back current, namely, particle density current flows towards the high-density region. We also found spin clogging occurs for some initial conditions, i.e., the vanishing spin current coexists with nonzero energy current. The second issue is the proportionality of spin and charge currents. We have found two spatio-temporal regions where the current ratio is fixed to a nonzero constant. We numerically studied how the current ratio depends on various initial conditions. We also studied the ratio of charge and energy currents.