Paper detail

Generalized Berry phase for a bosonic Bogoliubov system with exceptional points

We discuss the topology of Bogoliubov excitation bands from a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice. Since the Bogoliubov equation for a bosonic system is non-Hermitian, complex eigenvalues often appear and induce dynamical instability. As a function of momentum, the onset of appearance and disappearance of complex eigenvalues is an exceptional point (EP), which is a point where the Hamiltonian is not diagonalizable and hence the Berry connection and curvature are ill-defined, preventing defining topological invariants. In this paper, we propose a systematic procedure to remove EPs from the Brillouin zone by introducing an imaginary part of the momentum. We then define the Berry phase for a one-dimensional bosonic Bogoliubov system. Extending the argument for Hermitian systems, the Berry phase for an inversion-symmetric system is shown to be $Z_2$. As concrete examples, we numerically investigate two toy models and confirm the bulk-edge correspondence even in the presence of complex eigenvalues. The $Z_2$ invariant associated with particle-hole symmetry and the winding number for a time-reversal-symmetric system are also discussed.