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Fluctuation theorems and distribution functions for polar molecules in an electric field

In this perspective we consider how modern statistical mechanics and response theory can be applied to understand the response of polar molecules to an applied electric field and the fluctuations in these systems. Results that are consistent with thermodynamics and physical expectations are derived, as well as a new fluctuation relation that is tested in molecular simulations. It is demonstrated that a deterministic approach leads to distribution functions that continually evolve, even when system properties have relaxed, which has implications for treatment of nonequilibrium steady states.