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preprint2016arXiv

Poincaré chaos and unpredictable functions

The results of this study are continuation of the research of Poincaré chaos initiated in papers (Akhmet M, Fen MO. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2016;40:1-5; Akhmet M, Fen MO. Turk J Math, doi:10.3906/mat-1603-51, accepted). We focus on the construction of an unpredictable function, continuous on the real axis. As auxiliary results, unpredictable orbits for the symbolic dynamics and the logistic map are obtained. By shaping the unpredictable function as well as Poisson function we have performed the first step in the development of the theory of unpredictable solutions for differential and discrete equations. The results are preliminary ones for deep analysis of chaos existence in differential and hybrid systems. Illustrative examples concerning unpredictable solutions of differential equations are provided.

preprint2016arXiv

Thermodynamics of a time dependent and dissipative oval billiard: a heat transfer and billiard approach

We study some statistical properties for the behavior of the average squared velocity -- hence the temperature -- for an ensemble of classical particles moving in a billiard whose boundary is time dependent. We assume the collisions of the particles with the boundary of the billiard are inelastic leading the average squared velocity to reach a steady state dynamics for large enough time. The description of the stationary state is made by using two different approaches: (i) heat transfer motivated by the Fourier law and, (ii) billiard dynamics using either numerical simulations and theoretical description.

preprint2016arXiv

Perturbation-Free Prediction of Resonance-Assisted Tunneling in Mixed Regular--Chaotic Systems

For generic Hamiltonian systems we derive predictions for dynamical tunneling from regular to chaotic phase-space regions. In contrast to previous approaches, we account for the resonance-assisted enhancement of regular-to-chaotic tunneling in a non-perturbative way. This provides the foundation for future semiclassical complex-path evaluations of resonance-assisted regular-to-chaotic tunneling. Our approach is based on a new class of integrable approximations which mimic the regular phase-space region and its dominant nonlinear resonance chain in a mixed regular--chaotic system. We illustrate the method for the standard map.

preprint2016arXiv

Master Equation approach to Reversible and Conservative Discrete Systems

A master equation approach is applied to a reversible and conservative cellular automata model (Q2R). The Q2R model is a dynamical variation of the Ising model for ferromagnetism that possesses quite a rich and complex dynamics. The configurational space is composed by a huge number of cycles with exponentially long periods. Following Nicolis and Nicolis [Phys. Rev. A 38, 427-433 (1988)], a coarse-graining approach is applied to the time series of the total magnetization leading to a master equation that governs the macroscopic irreversible dynamics of the Q2R automata. The methodology is replicated for various lattice sizes. In the case of small systems, it is shown that the master equation leads to a tractable probability transfer matrix of moderate size which provides a master equation for a coarse-grained probability distribution. The method is validated and some explicit examples are discussed.

preprint2017arXiv

Analysis of a remarkable singularity in a nonlinear DDE

In this work we investigate the dynamics of the nonlinear DDE (delay-differential equation) x''(t)+x(t-T)+x(t)^3=0 where T is the delay. For T=0 this system is conservative and exhibits no limit cycles. For T>0, no matter how small, an infinite number of limit cycles exist, their amplitudes going to infinity in the limit as T approaches zero. We investigate this situation in three ways: 1) Harmonic Balance, 2) Melnikov's integral, and 3) Adding damping to regularize the singularity.

preprint2016arXiv

GOE statistics in graphene billiards with the shape of classically integrable billiards

A crucial result in quantum chaos, which has been established for a long time, is that the spectral properties of classically integrable systems generically are described by Poisson statistics whereas those of time-reversal symmetric, classically chaotic systems coincide with those of random matrices from the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE). Does this result hold for two-dimensional Dirac material systems? To address this fundamen- tal question, we investigate the spectral properties in a representative class of graphene billiards with shapes of classically integrable circular-sector billiards. Naively one may expect to observe Poisson statistics, which is indeed true for energies close to the band edges where the quasiparticle obeys the Schrödinger equation. However, for energies near the Dirac point, where the quasiparticles behave like massless Dirac fermions, Pois- son statistics is extremely rare in the sense that it emerges only under quite strict symmetry constraints on the straight boundary parts of the sector. An arbitrarily small amount of imperfection of the boundary results in GOE statistics. This implies that, for circular sector confinements with arbitrary angle, t

preprint2017arXiv

Lagrangian Statistics for Navier-Stokes Turbulence under Fourier-mode reduction: Fractal and Homogeneous Decimations

We study small-scale and high-frequency turbulent fluctuations in three-dimensional flows under Fourier-mode reduction. The Navier-Stokes equations are evolved on a restricted set of modes, obtained as a projection on a fractal or homogeneous Fourier set. We find a strong sensitivity (reduction) of the high-frequency variability of the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations on the degree of mode decimation, similarly to what is already reported for Eulerian statistics. This is quantified by a tendency towards a quasi-Gaussian statistics, i.e., to a reduction of intermittency, at all scales and frequencies. This can be attributed to a strong depletion of vortex filaments and of the vortex stretching mechanism. Nevertheless, we found that Eulerian and Lagrangian ensembles are still connected by a dimensional bridge-relation which is independent of the degree of Fourier-mode decimation.

preprint2016arXiv

Cupolets and a Chaotic Analog of Entanglement

This paper discusses applications of a particular control technique that can be used to very efficiently stabilize a chaotic system onto a large subset of the unstable periodic orbits that are typically embedded in the system. The control method is adapted from one developed by Hayes, Grebogi, and Ott, and the resulting (stabilized) orbits are known as cupolets (Chaotic, Unstable, Periodic, Orbit-LETS). Cupolets exhibit the interesting property that a given set of controls will uniquely identify a cupolet, independent of its initial condition. Practical applications of cupolets already include data compression, secure communication, and image processing. We demonstrate how cupolets from two interacting chaotic systems may be induced into a state of mutual and self-sustaining stabilization, in a manner that may be an analog of quantum entanglement.

preprint2016arXiv

Modulating heat conduction by stretching or compressing

Recent studies have revealed that the symmetry of interparticle potential plays an important role in one-dimensional heat conduction problem. Here we demonstrate that by stretching or compressing the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-\b{eta} lattice, one can control the symmetry of the potential, and thus manipulate the decaying behavior of the heat current autocorrelation function (HCAF). In fact, stretching or compressing induces a fast decaying stage (FDS) during which the HCAF decays faster than power-law manners or in a power law manner but faster than ~t -1. The time range as well as the decay amplitude of the HCAF over the FDS increase as the stretching or compressing ratio increase, or as the temperature decreases. As a consequence, the thermal conductivity calculated following the Green-Kubo formula shows a truncation-time independent window, implying a system-size independent conductivity. Stretching or compressing also changes the exponent of the power-law tail of the HCAF. The complicated heat conduction behavior induced by stretching or compressing can be connected to the change of the symmetry of the interparticle potential.

preprint2017arXiv

Searching chaotic saddles in high dimensions

We propose new methods to numerically approximate non-attracting sets governing transiently-chaotic systems. Trajectories starting in a vicinity $Ω$ of these sets escape $Ω$ in a finite time $τ$ and the problem is to find initial conditions ${\bf x} \in Ω$ with increasingly large $τ= τ({\bf x})$. We search points ${\bf x}'$ with $τ({\bf x}')>τ({\bf x})$ in a {\it search domain} in $Ω$. Our first method considers a search domain with size that decreases exponentially in $τ$, with an exponent proportional to the largest Lyapunov exponent $λ_1$. Our second method considers anisotropic search domains in the {\it tangent} unstable manifold, where each direction scale as the inverse of the corresponding {\it expanding} singular value of the Jacobian matrix of the iterated map. We show that both methods outperform the state-of-the-art {\it Stagger-and-Step} method (Sweet, Nusse, and York, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 86}, 2261, 2001) but that only the anisotropic method achieves an efficiency independent of $τ$ for the case of high-dimensional systems with multiple positive Lyapunov exponents. We perform simulations in a chain of coupled Hénon maps in up to 24 dimensions ($12$ positive L

preprint2016arXiv

Dynamics and Statistics of the Fermi--Pasta--Ulam $β$--model with different ranges of particle interactions

In the present work we study the Fermi--Pasta--Ulam (FPU) $β$--model involving long--range interactions (LRI) in both the quadratic and quartic potentials, by introducing two independent exponents $α_1$ and $α_2$ respectively, which make the {forces decay} with distance $r$. Our results demonstrate that weak chaos, in the sense of decreasing Lyapunov exponents, and $q$--Gaussian probability density functions (pdfs) of sums of the momenta, occurs only when long--range interactions are included in the quartic part. More importantly, for $0\leq α_2<1$, we obtain extrapolated values for $q \equiv q_\infty >1$, as $N\rightarrow \infty$, suggesting that these pdfs persist in that limit. On the other hand, when long--range interactions are imposed only on the quadratic part, strong chaos and purely Gaussian pdfs are always obtained for the momenta. We have also focused on similar pdfs for the particle energies and have obtained $q_E$-exponentials (with $q_E>1$) when the quartic-term interactions are long--ranged, otherwise we get the standard Boltzmann-Gibbs weight, with $q=1$. The values of $q_E$ coincide, within small discrepancies, with the values of $q$ obtained by the momentum distri

preprint2017arXiv

Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to Control Chaos

Controlling Chaos could be a big factor in getting great stable amounts of energy out of small amounts of not necessarily stable resources. By definition, Chaos is getting huge changes in the system's output due to unpredictable small changes in initial conditions, and that means we could take advantage of this fact and select the proper control system to manipulate system's initial conditions and inputs in general and get a desirable output out of otherwise a Chaotic system. That was accomplished by first building some known chaotic circuit (Chua circuit) and the NI's MultiSim was used to simulate the ANN control system. It was shown that this technique can also be used to stabilize some hard to stabilize electronic systems.

preprint2016arXiv

PT-Symmetric Model of Immune Response

The study of PT-symmetric physical systems began in 1998 as a complex generalization of conventional quantum mechanics, but beginning in 2007 experiments began to be published in which the predicted PT phase transition was clearly observed in classical rather than in quantum-mechanical systems. This paper examines the PT phase transition in mathematical models of antigen-antibody systems. A surprising conclusion that can be drawn from these models is that a possible way to treat a serious disease in which the antigen concentration is growing out of bounds (and the host will die) is to inject a small dose of a second (different) antigen. In this case there are two possible favorable outcomes. In the unbroken-PT-symmetric phase the disease becomes chronic and is no longer lethal while in the appropriate broken-PT-symmetric phase the concentration of lethal antigen goes to zero and the disease is completely cured.

preprint2016arXiv

Rising Above Chaotic Likelihoods

Berliner (Likelihood and Bayesian prediction for chaotic systems, J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1991) identified a number of difficulties in using the likelihood function within the Bayesian paradigm which arise both for state estimation and for parameter estimation of chaotic systems. Even when the equations of the system are given, he demonstrated "chaotic likelihood functions" both of initial conditions and of parameter values in the Logistic Map. Chaotic likelihood functions, while ultimately smooth, have such complicated small scale structure as to cast doubt on the possibility of identifying high likelihood states in practice. In this paper, the challenge of chaotic likelihoods is overcome by embedding the observations in a higher dimensional sequence-space; this allows good state estimation with finite computational power. An importance sampling approach is introduced, where Pseudo-orbit Data Assimilation is employed in the sequence-space, first to identify relevant pseudo-orbits and then relevant trajectories. Estimates are identified with likelihoods orders of magnitude higher than those previously identified in the examples given by Berliner. Pseudo-orbit Data Assimilation

preprint2015arXiv

Extreme events due to localisation of energy

We study a one-dimensional chain of harmonically coupled units in an asymmetric anharmonic soft potential. Due to nonlinear localisation of energy, this system exhibits extreme events in the sense that individual elements of the chain show very large excitations. A detailed statistical analysis of extremes in this system reveals some unexpected properties, e.g., a pronounced pattern in the inter event interval statistics. We relate these statistical properties to underlying system dynamics, and notice that often when extreme events occur the system dynamics adopts (at least locally) an oscillatory behaviour, resulting in, for example, a quick succession of such events. The model therefore might serve as a paradigmatic model for the study of the interplay of nonlinearity, energy transport, and extreme events.

preprint2015arXiv

Probing the statistics of transport in the Hénon Map

The phase space of an area-preserving map typically contains infinitely many elliptic islands embedded in a chaotic sea. Orbits near the boundary of a chaotic region have been observed to stick for long times, strongly influencing their transport properties. The boundary is composed of invariant "boundary circles". We briefly report recent results of the distribution of rotation numbers of boundary circles for the Hénon quadratic map and show that the probability of occurrence of small elements of their continued fraction expansions is larger than would be expected for a number chosen at random. However, large elements occur with probabilities distributed proportionally to the random case. The probability distributions of ratios of fluxes through island chains is reported as well. These island chains are neighbours in the sense of the Meiss-Ott Markov-tree model. Two distinct universality families are found. The distributions of the ratio between the flux and orbital period are also presented. All of these results have implications for models of transport in mixed phase space.

preprint2016arXiv

Delocalization of Phase Disturbances and the Stability of AC Electricity Grids

The energy transition towards an increased supply of renewable energy raises concerns that existing electricity grids, built to connect few centralized large power plants with consumers, may become more difficult to control and stabilized with a rising number of decentralized small scale generators. Here, we aim to study therefore, how local phase perturbations which may be caused by local power fluctuations, affect the AC grid stability. To this end, we start from nonlinear power balance equations and map them to complex linear wave equations, yielding stationary solutions with phases $φ_i$ at generator and consumer sites $i$. Next, we study deviations from these stationary solutions. Starting with an initially localized perturbation, it is found to spread in a periodic grid diffusively throughout the grid. We derive the parametric dependence of diffusion constant $D$. We apply the same solution strategy to general grid topologies and analyse their stability against local perturbations. The perturbation remains either localized or becomes delocalized, depending on grid topology, power capacity and distribution of consumers and generators $P_i$. Delocalization is found to increase

preprint2016arXiv

Using invariant manifolds to construct symbolic dynamics for three-dimensional volume-preserving maps

Topological techniques are powerful tools for characterizing the complexity of many dynamical systems, including the commonly studied area-preserving maps of the plane. However, the extension of many topological techniques to higher dimensions is filled with roadblocks preventing their application. This article shows how to extend the homotopic lobe dynamics (HLD) technique, previously developed for 2D maps, to volume-preserving maps of a three-dimensional phase space. Such maps are physically relevant to particle transport by incompressible fluid flows or by magnetic field lines. Specifically, this manuscript shows how to utilize two-dimensional stable and unstable invariant manifolds, intersecting in a heteroclinic tangle, to construct a symbolic representation of the topological dynamics of the map. This symbolic representation can be used to classify system trajectories and to compute topological entropy. We illustrate the salient ideas through a series of examples with increasing complexity. These examples highlight new features of the HLD technique in 3D. Ultimately, in the final example, our technique detects a difference between the 2D stretching rate of surfaces and the 1D

preprint2016arXiv

Approach for modelling quantum-mechanical collapse

A long-standing quantum-mechanical puzzle is whether the collapse of the wave function is a real physical process or simply an epiphenomenon. This puzzle lies at the heart of the measurement problem. One way to choose between the alternatives is to assume that one or the other is correct and attempt to draw physical, observable consequences which then could be empirically verified or ruled out. As a working hypothesis, we propose simple models of collapse as a real physical process for direct binary symmetric measurements made on one particle. This allows one to construct irreversible unstable Schrödinger equations capable of describing continuously the process of collapse induced by the interaction of the quantum system with the measuring device. Due to unknown initial conditions the collapse outcome remains unpredictable so no contradictions with quantum mechanics arise. Our theoretical framework predicts a finite time-scale of the collapse and links with experiment. Sensitive probes of the collapse dynamics could be done using Bose-Einstein condensates, ultracold neutrons or ultrafast optics. If confirmed, the formulation could be relevant to the transition from quantum fluctuat

preprint2016arXiv

Note on integrability of certain homogeneous Hamiltonian systems in 2D constant curvature spaces

We formulate the necessary conditions for the integrability of a certain family of Hamiltonian systems defined in the constant curvature two-dimensional spaces. Proposed form of potential can be considered as a counterpart of a homogeneous potential in flat spaces. Thanks to this property Hamilton equations admit, in a general case, a particular solution. Using this solution we derive necessary integrability conditions investigating differential Galois group of variational equations.

preprint2016arXiv

Neural Signal Multiplexing via Compressed Sensing

Transport of neural signals in the brain is challenging, owing to neural interference and neural noise. There is experimental evidence of multiplexing of sensory information across population of neurons, particularly in the vertebrate visual and olfactory systems. Recently, it has been discovered that in lateral intraparietal cortex of the brain, decision signals are multiplexed with decision-irrelevant visual signals. Furthermore, it is well known that several cortical neurons exhibit chaotic spiking patterns. Multiplexing of chaotic neural signals and their successful demultiplexing in the neurons amidst interference and noise, is difficult to explain. In this work, a novel compressed sensing model for efficient multiplexing of chaotic neural signals constructed using the Hindmarsh-Rose spiking model is proposed. The signals are multiplexed from a pre-synaptic neuron to its neighbouring post-synaptic neuron, in the presence of $10^4$ interfering noisy neural signals and demultiplexed using compressed sensing techniques.

preprint2016arXiv

Localization in High-Dimensional Monte Carlo Filtering

The high dimensionality and computational constraints associated with filtering problems in large-scale geophysical applications are particularly challenging for the Particle Filter (PF). Approximate but efficient methods such as the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) are therefore usually preferred. A key element of these approximate methods is localization, which is in principle a general technique to avoid the curse of dimensionality and consists in limiting the influence of observations to neighboring sites. However, while it works effectively with the EnKF, localization introduces harmful discontinuities in the estimated physical fields when applied blindly to the PF. In the present paper, we explore two possible local algorithms based on the EnKPF, a hybrid method combining the EnKF and the PF. A simulation study in a conjugate normal setup allows to highlight the trade-offs involved when applying localization to PF type of algorithms in the high-dimensional setting. Experiments with the Lorenz96 model demonstrate the ability of the local EnKPF algorithms to perform well even with a small number of particles compared to the problem size.

preprint2016arXiv

Chaotic Griffiths Phase with Anomalous Lyapunov Spectra in Coupled Map Networks

Dynamics of coupled chaotic oscillators on a network are studied using coupled maps. Within a broad range of parameter values representing the coupling strength or the degree of elements, the system repeats formation and split of coherent clusters. The distribution of the cluster size follows a power law with the exponent $α$, which changes with the parameter values. The number of positive Lyapunov exponents and their spectra are scaled anomalously with the power of the system size with the exponent $β$, which also changes with the parameters. The scaling relation $α\sim 2(β+1)$ is uncovered, which seems to be universal independent of parameters and networks.

preprint2016arXiv

An Analytical Study on the Synchronization of Strange Non-Chaotic Attractors

In this paper we present an analytical study on the synchronization dynamics observed in unidirectionally-coupled quasiperiodically-forced systems that exhibit Strange Non-chaotic Attractors (SNA) in their dynamics. The SNA dynamics observed in the uncoupled system is studied analytically through phase portraits and poincare maps. A difference system is obtained by coupling the state equations of similar piecewise linear regions of the drive and response systems. The mechanism of synchronization of the coupled system is realized through the bifurcation of the eigenvalues in one of the piecewise linear regions of the difference system. The analytical solutions obtained for the normalized state equations in each piecewise linear region of the difference system has been used to explain the synchronization dynamics though phase portraits and timeseries analysis. The stability of the synchronized state is confirmed through the Master Stability Function. An explicit analytical solution explaining the synchronization of SNAs is reported in the literature for the first time.

575 works