Exponentially Slow Heating in Short and Long-range Interacting Floquet Systems

We analyze the dynamics of periodically-driven (Floquet) Hamiltonians with short- and long-range interactions, finding clear evidence for a thermalization time, $τ^*$, that increases exponentially with the drive frequency. We observe this behavior, both in systems with short-ranged interactions, where our results are consistent with rigorous bounds, and in systems with long-range interactions, where such bounds do not exist at present. Using a combination of heating and entanglement dynamics, we explicitly extract the effective energy scale controlling the rate of thermalization. Finally, we demonstrate that for times shorter than $τ^*$, the dynamics of the system is well-approximated by evolution under a time-independent Hamiltonian $D_{\mathrm{eff}}$, for both short- and long-range interacting systems.

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