Paper detail

Entanglement propagation in thermalization of an isolated quantum system

We study dynamics of entanglement in the thermalization process of an isolated quantum many-body system. We propose a simple setup for measuring the propagation speed of entanglement entropy (EE) in numerical simulations and apply it to the integrable/non-integrable spin models in 1D - the transverse Ising (TI) model, the chaotic Ising (CI) model, and the extended chaotic Ising (ECI) model. We find that two distinct time-scales $t^\ast$ and $t_{\rm {diff}}$ arise in the dynamics of EE in the thermalization process: the former represents the time-scale for the saturation of EE and the latter characterizes spreading of EE over the entire system. Evaluating the propagation speed of entanglement from $t_{\rm diff}$, we find that entanglement propagates ballistically with a constant velocity irrespective of the integrability of the model. The propagation speed of entanglement is found to coincide with the maximum group velocity of quasi-particle excitations in the TI model. We also evaluate the propagation speed of entanglement by mutual information and find the characteristic time-scale $t_{\mathrm{MI}}$. We show that the propagation speeds of entanglement evaluated by $t_{\mathrm{MI}}$ and $t_{\rm {diff}}$ agree well. We discuss the condition for thermalization based on the numerical results and propose that scrambling of the entire system has to take place before saturation of EE for thermalization.