Paper detail

Criticality of the excess energy cost due to the unit-flux-quantum external field for the $(2+1)$D superfluid-insulator transition

The two-dimensional ($2$D) spin-$S=1$ $XY$ model was investigated numerically as a realization of the $(2+1)$D superfluid-Mott-insulator (SF-MI) transition. The interaction parameters are extended so as to suppress corrections to finite-size scaling. Thereby, the external field of a unit flux quantum ($Φ=2π$) is applied to the 2D cluster by incorporating the phase factor $e^{iϕ_{ij}}$ ($ϕ_{ij}$: gauge angle between the $i$ and $j$ sites) into the hopping amplitudes. Taking the advantage in that the exact-diagonalization method allows us to treat such a complex-valued matrix element, we evaluated the excess energy cost $ΔE(2π)$ due to the magnetic flux $Φ=2π$ explicitly in the SF ($XY$) phase. As a result, we found that the amplitude ratio $ρ_s / ΔE(2π)$ ($ρ_s$: spin stiffness) makes sense in proximity to the critical point, exhibiting a notable plateau in the SF-phase side. The plateau height is estimated, and compared to the related studies.