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Xiaoguang Zhao

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Published work

6 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

World-Ego Modeling for Long-Horizon Evolution in Hybrid Embodied Tasks

World models are widely explored in embodied intelligence, yet they typically predict distinct evolutions of the world and the ego within a single stream, where the world captures persistent instruction-agnostic scene regularities and the ego captures robot-centric instruction-conditioned dynamics. This world-ego entanglement leads to a degradation in long-horizon embodied scenarios, particularly in hybrid tasks with interleaved navigation and manipulation behaviors. In this paper, we introduce \emph{World-Ego Modeling}, a new conceptual paradigm that decomposes future evolution into world and ego components. We define the world-ego boundary from three perspectives, i.e., motion-, semantic-, and intention-based views, and analyze three disentanglement strategies with post-, pre-, and full disentanglement. Further, we instantiate this paradigm as the World-Ego Model (WEM), a unified embodied world model that couples an implicit separate world-ego planner with a cascade-parallel mixture-of-experts (CP-MoE) diffusion generator. To enable rigorous evaluation, we further construct HTEWorld, the first benchmark for long-horizon world modeling with hybrid navigation-manipulation tasks, providing 125K video clips (over 4.5M frames) with fine-grained action annotations and 300 multi-turn evaluation trajectories (over 2K instructions). Extensive experiments show that WEM achieves state-of-the-art performance on HTEWorld while remaining competitive on existing manipulation-only benchmarks.

preprint2022arXiv

Complementary Vanadium Dioxide Metamaterials with Enhanced Modulation Amplitude at Terahertz Frequencies

One route to create tunable metamaterials is through integration with "on-demand" dynamic quantum materials, such as vanadium dioxide (VO2). This enables new modalities to create high performance devices for historically challenging applications. Indeed, dynamic materials have often been integrated with metamaterials to imbue artificial structures with some degree of tunability. Conversely, metamaterials can be used to enhance and extend the natural tuning range of dynamic materials. Utilizing a complementary split ring resonator array deposited on a VO2 film, we demonstrate enhanced terahertz transmission modulation upon traversing the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) at ~340 K. Our complementary metamaterial increases the modulation amplitude of the original VO2 film from 42% to 68.3% at 0.47 THz upon crossing the IMT, corresponding to an enhancement of 62.4%. Moreover, temperature dependent transmission measurements reveal a redshift of the resonant frequency arising from a giant increase of the permittivity of the VO2 film. Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory was employed to explain the permittivity change upon transitioning through the IMT. Our results highlight that symbiotic integration of metamaterial arrays with quantum materials provides a powerful approach to engineer emergent functionality.

preprint2016arXiv

Terahertz Saturable Absorption in Superconducting Metamaterials

We present a superconducting metamaterial saturable absorber at terahertz frequencies. The absorber consists of an array of split ring resonators (SRRs) etched from a 100nm YBaCu3O7 (YBCO) film. A polyimide spacer layer and gold ground plane are deposited above the SRRs, creating a reflecting perfect absorber. Increasing either the temperature or incident electric field (E) decreases the superconducting condensate density and corresponding kinetic inductance of the SRRs. This alters the impedance matching in the metamaterial, reducing the peak absorption. At low electric fields, the absorption was optimized near 80% at T=10K and decreased to 20% at T=70K. For E=40kV/cm and T=10K, the peak absorption was 70% decreasing to 40% at 200kV/cm, corresponding to a modulation of 43%.

preprint2015arXiv

Nonlinear terahertz devices utilizing semiconducting plasmonic metamaterials

The development of responsive metamaterials has enabled the realization of compact tunable photonic devices capable of manipulating the amplitude, polarization, wave vector, and frequency of light. Integration of semiconductors into the active regions of metallic resonators is a proven approach for creating nonlinear metamaterials through optoelectronic control of the semiconductor carrier density. Metal-free subwavelength resonant semiconductor structures offer an alternative approach to create dynamic metamaterials. We present InAs plasmonic disk arrays as a viable resonant metamaterial at terahertz frequencies. Importantly, InAs plasmonic disks exhibit a strong nonlinear response arising from electric field induced intervalley scattering resulting in a reduced carrier mobility thereby damping the plasmonic response. We demonstrate nonlinear perfect absorbers configured as either optical limiters or saturable absorbers, including flexible nonlinear absorbers achieved by transferring the disks to polyimide films. Nonlinear plasmonic metamaterials show potential for use in ultrafast THz optics and for passive protection of sensitive electromagnetic devices.

preprint2015arXiv

Terahertz radiation-induced sub-cycle field electron emission across a split-gap dipole antenna

We use intense terahertz pulses to excite the resonant mode (0.6 THz) of a micro-fabricated dipole antenna with a vacuum gap. The dipole antenna structure enhances the peak amplitude of the in-gap THz electric field by a factor of ~170. Above an in-gap E-field threshold amplitude of ~10 MVcm-1, THz-induced field electron emission is observed (TIFEE) as indicated by the field-induced electric current across the dipole antenna gap. Field emission occurs within a fraction of the driving THz period. Our analysis of the current (I) and incident electric field (E) is in agreement with a Millikan-Lauritsen analysis where log (I) exhibits a linear dependence on 1/E. Numerical estimates indicate that the electrons are accelerated to a value of approximately one tenth of the speed of light.

preprint2012arXiv

Nonlinear terahertz metamaterials via field-enhanced carrier dynamics in GaAs

We demonstrate nonlinear metamaterial split ring resonators (SRRs) on GaAs at terahertz frequencies. For SRRs on doped GaAs films, incident terahertz radiation with peak fields of ~20 - 160 kV/cm drives intervalley scattering. This reduces the carrier mobility and enhances the SRR LC response due to a conductivity decrease in the doped thin film. Above ~160 kV/cm, electric field enhancement within the SRR gaps leads to efficient impact ionization, increasing the carrier density and the conductivity which, in turn, suppresses the SRR resonance. We demonstrate an increase of up to 10 orders of magnitude in the carrier density in the SRR gaps on semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Furthermore, we show that the effective permittivity can be swept from negative to positive values with increasing terahertz field strength in the impact ionization regime, enabling new possibilities for nonlinear metamaterials.