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Shubhanshu Shekhar

Shubhanshu Shekhar contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

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Published work

4 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

A Semi-Supervised Kernel Two-Sample Test

We consider the problem of two-sample testing in a semi-supervised setting with abundant unlabeled covariate data. Standard two-sample tests neglect covariate information, which has the potential to significantly boost performance. However, incorporating covariates potentially breaks the exchangeability assumption under the null, which further complicates a calibration procedure. To address these issues, we propose a semi-supervised method that produces a test statistic with asymptotic normality, while effectively integrating additional information from covariates. Our test is straightforward to calibrate due to the asymptotic normality under the null and achieves asymptotic power that is often much higher than existing kernel tests without covariates. Furthermore, we formally show that the proposed method is consistent in power against fixed and local alternatives. Simulations confirm the practical and theoretical strengths of our approach.

preprint2022arXiv

Instance-Dependent Regret Analysis of Kernelized Bandits

We study the kernelized bandit problem, that involves designing an adaptive strategy for querying a noisy zeroth-order-oracle to efficiently learn about the optimizer of an unknown function $f$ with a norm bounded by $M<\infty$ in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space~(RKHS) associated with a positive definite kernel $K$. Prior results, working in a \emph{minimax framework}, have characterized the worst-case~(over all functions in the problem class) limits on regret achievable by \emph{any} algorithm, and have constructed algorithms with matching~(modulo polylogarithmic factors) worst-case performance for the \matern family of kernels. These results suffer from two drawbacks. First, the minimax lower bound gives no information about the limits of regret achievable by the commonly used algorithms on specific problem instances. Second, due to their worst-case nature, the existing upper bound analysis fails to adapt to easier problem instances within the function class. Our work takes steps to address both these issues. First, we derive \emph{instance-dependent} regret lower bounds for algorithms with uniformly~(over the function class) vanishing normalized cumulative regret. Our result, valid for all the practically relevant kernelized bandits algorithms, such as, GP-UCB, GP-TS and SupKernelUCB, identifies a fundamental complexity measure associated with every problem instance. We then address the second issue, by proposing a new minimax near-optimal algorithm which also adapts to easier problem instances.

preprint2020arXiv

Active Model Estimation in Markov Decision Processes

We study the problem of efficient exploration in order to learn an accurate model of an environment, modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP). Efficient exploration in this problem requires the agent to identify the regions in which estimating the model is more difficult and then exploit this knowledge to collect more samples there. In this paper, we formalize this problem, introduce the first algorithm to learn an $ε$-accurate estimate of the dynamics, and provide its sample complexity analysis. While this algorithm enjoys strong guarantees in the large-sample regime, it tends to have a poor performance in early stages of exploration. To address this issue, we propose an algorithm that is based on maximum weighted entropy, a heuristic that stems from common sense and our theoretical analysis. The main idea here is to cover the entire state-action space with the weight proportional to the noise in the transitions. Using a number of simple domains with heterogeneous noise in their transitions, we show that our heuristic-based algorithm outperforms both our original algorithm and the maximum entropy algorithm in the small sample regime, while achieving similar asymptotic performance as that of the original algorithm.

preprint2020arXiv

Multi-Scale Zero-Order Optimization of Smooth Functions in an RKHS

We aim to optimize a black-box function $f:\mathcal{X} \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ under the assumption that $f$ is Hölder smooth and has bounded norm in the RKHS associated with a given kernel $K$. This problem is known to have an agnostic Gaussian Process (GP) bandit interpretation in which an appropriately constructed GP surrogate model with kernel $K$ is used to obtain an upper confidence bound (UCB) algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm (\texttt{LP-GP-UCB}) where the usual GP surrogate model is augmented with Local Polynomial (LP) estimators of the Hölder smooth function $f$ to construct a multi-scale UCB guiding the search for the optimizer. We analyze this algorithm and derive high probability bounds on its simple and cumulative regret. We then prove that the elements of many common RKHS are Hölder smooth and obtain the corresponding Hölder smoothness parameters, and hence, specialize our regret bounds for several commonly used kernels. When specialized to the Squared Exponential (SE) kernel, \texttt{LP-GP-UCB} matches the optimal performance, while for the case of Matérn kernels $(K_ν)_{ν>0}$, it results in uniformly tighter regret bounds for all values of the smoothness parameter $ν>0$. Most notably, for certain ranges of $ν$, the algorithm achieves near-optimal bounds on simple and cumulative regrets, matching the algorithm-independent lower bounds up to polylog factors, and thus closing the large gap between the existing upper and lower bounds for these values of $ν$. Additionally, our analysis provides the first explicit regret bounds, in terms of the budget $n$, for the Rational-Quadratic (RQ) and Gamma-Exponential (GE). Finally, experiments with synthetic functions as well as a CNN hyperparameter tuning task demonstrate the practical benefits of our multi-scale partitioning approach over some existing algorithms numerically.