Researcher profile

Robert McCarthy

Robert McCarthy contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

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Published work

3 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Towards Understanding Specification Gaming in Reasoning Models

Specification gaming is a critical failure mode of LLM agents. Despite this, there has been little systematic research into when it arises and what drives it. To address this, we build and open source a diverse suite of tasks where models can score highly by taking unintended actions. We find that all tested models exploit their specifications at non-negligible rates in most of our eight settings, including five non-coding settings. We see the highest rates of specification gaming in Grok 4 and the lowest rates in Claude models. We use our evaluation suite to study what drives specification gaming, and find that: 1. RL reasoning training substantially increases the rate at which models exploit their specifications, 2. Increasing RL reasoning budget has a weakly positive effect on exploit rate, and 3. Test-time mitigations reduce but do not eliminate the rate of specification gaming. Our results suggest that specification gaming is a fundamental challenge arising from RL reasoning training; we release our evaluation suite to support further work on this problem.

preprint2022arXiv

Real Robot Challenge: A Robotics Competition in the Cloud

Dexterous manipulation remains an open problem in robotics. To coordinate efforts of the research community towards tackling this problem, we propose a shared benchmark. We designed and built robotic platforms that are hosted at MPI for Intelligent Systems and can be accessed remotely. Each platform consists of three robotic fingers that are capable of dexterous object manipulation. Users are able to control the platforms remotely by submitting code that is executed automatically, akin to a computational cluster. Using this setup, i) we host robotics competitions, where teams from anywhere in the world access our platforms to tackle challenging tasks ii) we publish the datasets collected during these competitions (consisting of hundreds of robot hours), and iii) we give researchers access to these platforms for their own projects.

preprint2022arXiv

Solving the Real Robot Challenge using Deep Reinforcement Learning

This paper details our winning submission to Phase 1 of the 2021 Real Robot Challenge; a challenge in which a three-fingered robot must carry a cube along specified goal trajectories. To solve Phase 1, we use a pure reinforcement learning approach which requires minimal expert knowledge of the robotic system, or of robotic grasping in general. A sparse, goal-based reward is employed in conjunction with Hindsight Experience Replay to teach the control policy to move the cube to the desired x and y coordinates of the goal. Simultaneously, a dense distance-based reward is employed to teach the policy to lift the cube to the z coordinate (the height component) of the goal. The policy is trained in simulation with domain randomisation before being transferred to the real robot for evaluation. Although performance tends to worsen after this transfer, our best policy can successfully lift the real cube along goal trajectories via an effective pinching grasp. Our approach outperforms all other submissions, including those leveraging more traditional robotic control techniques, and is the first pure learning-based method to solve this challenge.