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Researcher profile

Pierre Orhan

Pierre Orhan contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

ResearcherAffiliation not importedOpen to collaborate
Neurons and CognitionArtificial IntelligenceComputation and LanguageMachine Learning

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Published work

3 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

NeuralSet: A High-Performing Python Package for Neuro-AI

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly central to understanding how the brain processes information. However, the integration of neuroscience and modern AI is bottlenecked by a fragmented software ecosystem. Current tools are siloed by recording modality and optimized for small-scale, in-memory workflows, limiting the use of massive, naturalistic datasets. Here, we introduce NeuralSet, a Python framework that efficiently unifies the processing of diverse neural recordings (including fMRI, M/EEG, and spikes) and complex experimental stimuli (such as text, audio, and video). By decoupling experimental metadata from lazy, memory-efficient data extraction, NeuralSet harmonizes standard neuroscientific preprocessing pipelines with pretrained deep learning embeddings. This approach provides a single PyTorch-ready interface that scales seamlessly from local prototyping to high-performance cluster execution. By eliminating manual data wrangling and ensuring full computational provenance, NeuralSet establishes a scalable, unified infrastructure for the next generation of neuro-AI research.

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preprint2026arXiv

Polar probe linearly decodes semantic structures from LLMs

How do artificial neural networks bind concepts to form complex semantic structures? Here, we propose a simple neural code, whereby the existence and the type of relations between entities are represented by the distance and the direction between their embeddings, respectively. We test this hypothesis in a variety of Large Language Models (LLMs), each input with natural-language descriptions of minimalist tasks from five different domains: arithmetic, visual scenes, family trees, metro maps and social interactions. Results show that the true semantic structures can be linearly recovered with a Polar Probe targeting a subspace of LLMs' layer activations. Second, this code emerges mostly in middle layers and improves with LLM performance. Third, these Polar Probes successfully generalize to new entities and relation types, but degrades with the size of the semantic structure. Finally, the quality of the polar representation correlates with the LLM's ability to answer questions about the semantic structure. Together, these findings suggest that LLMs learn to build complex semantic structures by binding representations with a simple geometrical principle.

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preprint2022arXiv

Don't stop the training: continuously-updating self-supervised algorithms best account for auditory responses in the cortex

Over the last decade, numerous studies have shown that deep neural networks exhibit sensory representations similar to those of the mammalian brain, in that their activations linearly map onto cortical responses to the same sensory inputs. However, it remains unknown whether these artificial networks also learn like the brain. To address this issue, we analyze the brain responses of two ferret auditory cortices recorded with functional UltraSound imaging (fUS), while the animals were presented with 320 10\,s sounds. We compare these brain responses to the activations of Wav2vec 2.0, a self-supervised neural network pretrained with 960\,h of speech, and input with the same 320 sounds. Critically, we evaluate Wav2vec 2.0 under two distinct modes: (i) "Pretrained", where the same model is used for all sounds, and (ii) "Continuous Update", where the weights of the pretrained model are modified with back-propagation after every sound, presented in the same order as the ferrets. Our results show that the Continuous-Update mode leads Wav2Vec 2.0 to generate activations that are more similar to the brain than a Pretrained Wav2Vec 2.0 or than other control models using different training modes. These results suggest that the trial-by-trial modifications of self-supervised algorithms induced by back-propagation aligns with the corresponding fluctuations of cortical responses to sounds. Our finding thus provides empirical evidence of a common learning mechanism between self-supervised models and the mammalian cortex during sound processing.

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