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Researcher profile

Maartje ter Hoeve

Maartje ter Hoeve contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

ResearcherAffiliation not importedOpen to collaborate
Computation and LanguageArtificial IntelligenceHuman-Computer InteractionInformation RetrievalComputer VisionMachine Learning

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Published work

8 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

How Value Induction Reshapes LLM Behaviour

Conversational Large Language Models are post-trained on language that expresses specific behavioural traits, such as curiosity, open-mindedness, and empathy, and values, such as helpfulness, harmlessness, and honesty. This is done to increase utility, ensure safety, and improve the experience of the people interacting with the model. However, values are complex and inter-related -- inducing one could modify behaviour on another. Further, inducing certain values can make models more addictive or sycophantic through language used in the generations, with a potential detrimental effect on the user. We investigate these and other unintended effects of value induction into models. We fine-tune models using curated value subsets of existing preference datasets, measuring the impact of value induction on expression of other values, model safety, anthropomorphic language, and various QA benchmarks. We find that (i) inducing values leads to expression of other related, and sometimes contrastive values, (ii) inducing positive values increases safety, and (iii) all values increase anthropomorphic language use, making models more validating and sycophantic.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

CF-GNNExplainer: Counterfactual Explanations for Graph Neural Networks

Given the increasing promise of graph neural networks (GNNs) in real-world applications, several methods have been developed for explaining their predictions. Existing methods for interpreting predictions from GNNs have primarily focused on generating subgraphs that are especially relevant for a particular prediction. However, such methods are not counterfactual (CF) in nature: given a prediction, we want to understand how the prediction can be changed in order to achieve an alternative outcome. In this work, we propose a method for generating CF explanations for GNNs: the minimal perturbation to the input (graph) data such that the prediction changes. Using only edge deletions, we find that our method, CF-GNNExplainer, can generate CF explanations for the majority of instances across three widely used datasets for GNN explanations, while removing less than 3 edges on average, with at least 94\% accuracy. This indicates that CF-GNNExplainer primarily removes edges that are crucial for the original predictions, resulting in minimal CF explanations.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

IGLU 2022: Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment at NeurIPS 2022

Human intelligence has the remarkable ability to adapt to new tasks and environments quickly. Starting from a very young age, humans acquire new skills and learn how to solve new tasks either by imitating the behavior of others or by following provided natural language instructions. To facilitate research in this direction, we propose IGLU: Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment. The primary goal of the competition is to approach the problem of how to develop interactive embodied agents that learn to solve a task while provided with grounded natural language instructions in a collaborative environment. Understanding the complexity of the challenge, we split it into sub-tasks to make it feasible for participants. This research challenge is naturally related, but not limited, to two fields of study that are highly relevant to the NeurIPS community: Natural Language Understanding and Generation (NLU/G) and Reinforcement Learning (RL). Therefore, the suggested challenge can bring two communities together to approach one of the crucial challenges in AI. Another critical aspect of the challenge is the dedication to perform a human-in-the-loop evaluation as a final evaluation for the agents developed by contestants.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment: IGLU 2021

Human intelligence has the remarkable ability to quickly adapt to new tasks and environments. Starting from a very young age, humans acquire new skills and learn how to solve new tasks either by imitating the behavior of others or by following provided natural language instructions. To facilitate research in this direction, we propose \emph{IGLU: Interactive Grounded Language Understanding in a Collaborative Environment}. The primary goal of the competition is to approach the problem of how to build interactive agents that learn to solve a task while provided with grounded natural language instructions in a collaborative environment. Understanding the complexity of the challenge, we split it into sub-tasks to make it feasible for participants.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Summarization with Graphical Elements

Automatic text summarization has experienced substantial progress in recent years. With this progress, the question has arisen whether the types of summaries that are typically generated by automatic summarization models align with users' needs. Ter Hoeve et al (2020) answer this question negatively. Amongst others, they recommend focusing on generating summaries with more graphical elements. This is in line with what we know from the psycholinguistics literature about how humans process text. Motivated from these two angles, we propose a new task: summarization with graphical elements, and we verify that these summaries are helpful for a critical mass of people. We collect a high quality human labeled dataset to support research into the task. We present a number of baseline methods that show that the task is interesting and challenging. Hence, with this work we hope to inspire a new line of research within the automatic summarization community.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

What Makes a Good and Useful Summary? Incorporating Users in Automatic Summarization Research

Automatic text summarization has enjoyed great progress over the years and is used in numerous applications, impacting the lives of many. Despite this development, there is little research that meaningfully investigates how the current research focus in automatic summarization aligns with users' needs. To bridge this gap, we propose a survey methodology that can be used to investigate the needs of users of automatically generated summaries. Importantly, these needs are dependent on the target group. Hence, we design our survey in such a way that it can be easily adjusted to investigate different user groups. In this work we focus on university students, who make extensive use of summaries during their studies. We find that the current research directions of the automatic summarization community do not fully align with students' needs. Motivated by our findings, we present ways to mitigate this mismatch in future research on automatic summarization: we propose research directions that impact the design, the development and the evaluation of automatically generated summaries.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Conditional Image Generation and Manipulation for User-Specified Content

In recent years, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have improved steadily towards generating increasingly impressive real-world images. It is useful to steer the image generation process for purposes such as content creation. This can be done by conditioning the model on additional information. However, when conditioning on additional information, there still exists a large set of images that agree with a particular conditioning. This makes it unlikely that the generated image is exactly as envisioned by a user, which is problematic for practical content creation scenarios such as generating facial composites or stock photos. To solve this problem, we propose a single pipeline for text-to-image generation and manipulation. In the first part of our pipeline we introduce textStyleGAN, a model that is conditioned on text. In the second part of our pipeline we make use of the pre-trained weights of textStyleGAN to perform semantic facial image manipulation. The approach works by finding semantic directions in latent space. We show that this method can be used to manipulate facial images for a wide range of attributes. Finally, we introduce the CelebTD-HQ dataset, an extension to CelebA-HQ, consisting of faces and corresponding textual descriptions.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Conversations with Documents. An Exploration of Document-Centered Assistance

The role of conversational assistants has become more prevalent in helping people increase their productivity. Document-centered assistance, for example to help an individual quickly review a document, has seen less significant progress, even though it has the potential to tremendously increase a user's productivity. This type of document-centered assistance is the focus of this paper. Our contributions are three-fold: (1) We first present a survey to understand the space of document-centered assistance and the capabilities people expect in this scenario. (2) We investigate the types of queries that users will pose while seeking assistance with documents, and show that document-centered questions form the majority of these queries. (3) We present a set of initial machine learned models that show that (a) we can accurately detect document-centered questions, and (b) we can build reasonably accurate models for answering such questions. These positive results are encouraging, and suggest that even greater results may be attained with continued study of this interesting and novel problem space. Our findings have implications for the design of intelligent systems to support task completion via natural interactions with documents.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access