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Researcher profile

Keyu Chen

Keyu Chen contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

ResearcherAffiliation not importedOpen to collaborate
Computer VisionMachine LearningArtificial IntelligenceComputation and LanguageSocial and Information NetworksHuman-Computer InteractionComputational Engineering, Finance, and Sciencecs.CYeess.IVGenomicsGraphicsInformation RetrievalMultimediaRobotics

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Published work

19 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

Benchmarking and Evolving Reason-Reflect-Rectify for Reflective Visual Generation

Text-to-Image (T2I) models and Unified Multimodal Models (UMMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual generation. However, their reliance on a single-pass generation paradigm limits their ability to handle complex prompts requiring iterative refinement. To enable multi-round Reflective Visual Generation (RVG), we formalize the Reason-Reflect-Rectify (R^3) loop as a core framework and introduce R^3-Bench, a benchmark of over 600 expert-annotated instances that quantifies iterative reasoning and rectification capabilities. Evaluation on R^3-Bench reveals a critical gap: while state-of-the-art models can identify generation errors, they fail to generate actionable rectification instructions. To bridge this gap, we propose R^3-Refiner, a dual-stage framework leveraging Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and a Hierarchical Reward Mechanism (HRM) to better align rectification with reflective reasoning. Experiments show that R^3-Refiner achieves significant improvements on R^3-Bench (+12.0% in Reflective Verdict Score, +9.0% in Rectification Score), and can be seamlessly integrated with various MLLMs to enhance the generation quality of different T2I models on GenEval++ and T2I-CompBench. Code is available at https://github.com/xiaomoguhz/R3-Bench.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

CRAFT: Counterfactual-to-Interactive Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Driving Policies

Open-loop imitation learning has advanced modern autonomous driving policy architectures, but closed-loop deployment remains vulnerable to policy-induced distribution shift. Existing post-training paradigms exhibit fundamental trade-offs: closed-loop RL fine-tuning provides grounded feedback from executed actions but is constrained by the sparsity of informative events, whereas counterfactual fine-tuning provides dense supervision over candidate futures but inherits bias from imperfect future estimates. We introduce Counterfactual-to-Interactive Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (CRAFT), an on-policy framework that formulates closed-loop post-training as proxy-residual optimization. CRAFT uses group-normalized counterfactual advantages as a dense proxy for real closed-loop advantages and aligns this proxy with the closed-loop world through grounded residual correction from interaction-critical events. To stabilize adaptation, CRAFT regularizes the online policy toward an EMA teacher via asymmetric KL self-distillation. Theoretically, CRAFT decomposes the real closed-loop policy gradient into proxy and residual terms under the same visited-state distribution, reducing residual variance with an aligned proxy while mitigating proxy bias through grounded residual approximation. Empirically, CRAFT achieves the strongest closed-loop gains on Bench2Drive across hierarchical planning, vision-language-action, and vocabulary-scoring architectures. Ablations, scaling behavior, stability analyses, and transfer results further validate the complementary roles of dense counterfactual proxy and grounded residual correction. Project page: https://currychen77.github.io/CRAFT.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

From Bench to Bedside: A Review of Clinical Trials in Drug Discovery and Development

Clinical trials are an indispensable part of the drug development process, bridging the gap between basic research and clinical application. During the development of new drugs, clinical trials are used not only to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drug but also to explore its dosage, treatment regimens, and potential side effects. This review discusses the various stages of clinical trials, including Phase I (safety assessment), Phase II (preliminary efficacy evaluation), Phase III (large-scale validation), and Phase IV (post-marketing surveillance), highlighting the characteristics of each phase and their interrelationships. Additionally, the paper addresses the major challenges encountered in clinical trials, such as ethical issues, subject recruitment difficulties, diversity and representativeness concerns, and proposes strategies for overcoming these challenges. With the advancement of technology, innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and digitalization are gradually transforming clinical trial design and implementation, improving trial efficiency and data quality. The article also looks forward to the future of clinical trials, particularly the impact of emerging therapies such as gene therapy and immunotherapy on trial design, as well as the importance of regulatory reforms and global collaboration. In conclusion, the core role of clinical trials in drug development will continue to drive the progress of innovative drug development and clinical treatment.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

From In Silico to In Vitro: A Comprehensive Guide to Validating Bioinformatics Findings

The integration of bioinformatics predictions and experimental validation plays a pivotal role in advancing biological research, from understanding molecular mechanisms to developing therapeutic strategies. Bioinformatics tools and methods offer powerful means for predicting gene functions, protein interactions, and regulatory networks, but these predictions must be validated through experimental approaches to ensure their biological relevance. This review explores the various methods and technologies used for experimental validation, including gene expression analysis, protein-protein interaction verification, and pathway validation. We also discuss the challenges involved in translating computational predictions to experimental settings and highlight the importance of collaboration between bioinformatics and experimental research. Finally, emerging technologies, such as CRISPR gene editing, next-generation sequencing, and artificial intelligence, are shaping the future of bioinformatics validation and driving more accurate and efficient biological discoveries.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

MAIC-UI: Making Interactive Courseware with Generative UI

Creating interactive STEM courseware traditionally requires HTML/CSS/JavaScript expertise, leaving barriers for educators. While generative AI can produce HTML codes, existing tools generate static presentations rather than interactive simulations, struggle with long documents, and lack pedagogical accuracy mechanisms. Furthermore, full regeneration for modifications requires 200--600 seconds, disrupting creative flow. We present MAIC-UI, a zero-code authoring system that enables educators to create and rapidly edit interactive courseware from textbooks, PPTs, and PDFs. MAIC-UI employs: (1) structured knowledge analysis with multi-modal understanding to ensure pedagogical rigor; (2) a two-stage generate-verify-optimize pipeline separating content alignment from visual refinement; and (3) Click-to-Locate editing with Unified Diff-based incremental generation achieving sub-10-second iteration cycles. A controlled lab study with 40 participants shows MAIC-UI reduces editing iterations (4.9 vs. 7.0) and significantly improves learnability and controllability compared to direct Text-to-HTML generation. A three-month classroom deployment with 53 high school students demonstrates that MAIC-UI fosters learning agency and reduces outcome disparities -- the pilot class achieved 9.21-point gains in STEM subjects compared to -2.32 points in control classes. Our code is available at https://github.com/THU-MAIC/MAIC-UI.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2026arXiv

Youtu-LLM: Unlocking the Native Agentic Potential for Lightweight Large Language Models

We introduce Youtu-LLM, a lightweight yet powerful language model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with native agentic intelligence. Unlike typical small models that rely on distillation, Youtu-LLM (1.96B) is pre-trained from scratch to systematically cultivate reasoning and planning capabilities. The key technical advancements are as follows: (1) Compact Architecture with Long-Context Support: Built on a dense Multi-Latent Attention (MLA) architecture with a novel STEM-oriented vocabulary, Youtu-LLM supports a 128k context window. This design enables robust long-context reasoning and state tracking within a minimal memory footprint, making it ideal for long-horizon agent and reasoning tasks. (2) Principled "Commonsense-STEM-Agent" Curriculum: We curated a massive corpus of approximately 11T tokens and implemented a multi-stage training strategy. By progressively shifting the pre-training data distribution from general commonsense to complex STEM and agentic tasks, we ensure the model acquires deep cognitive abilities rather than superficial alignment. (3) Scalable Agentic Mid-training: Specifically for the agentic mid-training, we employ diverse data construction schemes to synthesize rich and varied trajectories across math, coding, and tool-use domains. This high-quality data enables the model to internalize planning and reflection behaviors effectively. Extensive evaluations show that Youtu-LLM sets a new state-of-the-art for sub-2B LLMs. On general benchmarks, it achieves competitive performance against larger models, while on agent-specific tasks, it significantly surpasses existing SOTA baselines, demonstrating that lightweight models can possess strong intrinsic agentic capabilities.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2025arXiv

From Events to Trending: A Multi-Stage Hotspots Detection Method Based on Generative Query Indexing

LLM-based conversational systems have become a popular gateway for information access, yet most existing chatbots struggle to handle news-related trending queries effectively. To improve user experience, an effective trending query detection method is urgently needed to enable differentiated processing of such target traffic. However, current research on trending detection tailored to the dialogue system scenario remains largely unexplored, and methods designed for traditional search engines often underperform in conversational contexts due to radically distinct query distributions and expression patterns. To fill this gap, we propose a multi-stage framework for trending detection, which achieves systematic optimization from both offline generation and online identification perspectives. Specifically, our framework first exploits selected hot events to generate index queries, establishing a key bridge between static events and dynamic user queries. It then employs a retrieval matching mechanism for real-time online detection of trending queries, where we introduce a cascaded recall and ranking architecture to balance detection efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, to better adapt to the practical application scenario, our framework adopts a single-recall module as a cold-start strategy to collect online data for fine-tuning the reranker. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework significantly outperforms baseline methods in both offline evaluations and online A/B tests, and user satisfaction is relatively improved by 27\% in terms of positive-negative feedback ratio.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Discriminative Adversarial Domain Generalization with Meta-learning based Cross-domain Validation

The generalization capability of machine learning models, which refers to generalizing the knowledge for an "unseen" domain via learning from one or multiple seen domain(s), is of great importance to develop and deploy machine learning applications in the real-world conditions. Domain Generalization (DG) techniques aim to enhance such generalization capability of machine learning models, where the learnt feature representation and the classifier are two crucial factors to improve generalization and make decisions. In this paper, we propose Discriminative Adversarial Domain Generalization (DADG) with meta-learning-based cross-domain validation. Our proposed framework contains two main components that work synergistically to build a domain-generalized DNN model: (i) discriminative adversarial learning, which proactively learns a generalized feature representation on multiple "seen" domains, and (ii) meta-learning based cross-domain validation, which simulates train/test domain shift via applying meta-learning techniques in the training process. In the experimental evaluation, a comprehensive comparison has been made among our proposed approach and other existing approaches on three benchmark datasets. The results shown that DADG consistently outperforms a strong baseline DeepAll, and outperforms the other existing DG algorithms in most of the evaluation cases.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

How is Vaping Framed on Online Knowledge Dissemination Platforms?

We analyze 1,888 articles and 1,119,453 vaping posts to study how vaping is framed across multiple knowledge dissemination platforms (Wikipedia, Quora, Medium, Reddit, Stack Exchange, wikiHow). We use various NLP techniques to understand these differences. For example, n-grams, emotion recognition, and question answering results indicate that Medium, Quora, and Stack Exchange are appropriate venues for those looking to transition from smoking to vaping. Other platforms (Reddit, wikiHow) are more for vaping hobbyists and may not sufficiently dissuade youth vaping. Conversely, Wikipedia may exaggerate vaping harms, dissuading smokers from transitioning. A strength of our work is how the different techniques we have applied validate each other. Based on our results, we provide several recommendations. Stakeholders may utilize our findings to design informational tools to reinforce or mitigate vaping (mis)perceptions online.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Partisan US News Media Representations of Syrian Refugees

We investigate how representations of Syrian refugees (2011-2021) differ across US partisan news outlets. We analyze 47,388 articles from the online US media about Syrian refugees to detail differences in reporting between left- and right-leaning media. We use various NLP techniques to understand these differences. Our polarization and question answering results indicated that left-leaning media tended to represent refugees as child victims, welcome in the US, and right-leaning media cast refugees as Islamic terrorists. We noted similar results with our sentiment and offensive speech scores over time, which detail possibly unfavorable representations of refugees in right-leaning media. A strength of our work is how the different techniques we have applied validate each other. Based on our results, we provide several recommendations. Stakeholders may utilize our findings to intervene around refugee representations, and design communications campaigns that improve the way society sees refugees and possibly aid refugee outcomes.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

Scene Consistency Representation Learning for Video Scene Segmentation

A long-term video, such as a movie or TV show, is composed of various scenes, each of which represents a series of shots sharing the same semantic story. Spotting the correct scene boundary from the long-term video is a challenging task, since a model must understand the storyline of the video to figure out where a scene starts and ends. To this end, we propose an effective Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) framework to learn better shot representations from unlabeled long-term videos. More specifically, we present an SSL scheme to achieve scene consistency, while exploring considerable data augmentation and shuffling methods to boost the model generalizability. Instead of explicitly learning the scene boundary features as in the previous methods, we introduce a vanilla temporal model with less inductive bias to verify the quality of the shot features. Our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the task of Video Scene Segmentation. Additionally, we suggest a more fair and reasonable benchmark to evaluate the performance of Video Scene Segmentation methods. The code is made available.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

See Finer, See More: Implicit Modality Alignment for Text-based Person Retrieval

Text-based person retrieval aims to find the query person based on a textual description. The key is to learn a common latent space mapping between visual-textual modalities. To achieve this goal, existing works employ segmentation to obtain explicitly cross-modal alignments or utilize attention to explore salient alignments. These methods have two shortcomings: 1) Labeling cross-modal alignments are time-consuming. 2) Attention methods can explore salient cross-modal alignments but may ignore some subtle and valuable pairs. To relieve these issues, we introduce an Implicit Visual-Textual (IVT) framework for text-based person retrieval. Different from previous models, IVT utilizes a single network to learn representation for both modalities, which contributes to the visual-textual interaction. To explore the fine-grained alignment, we further propose two implicit semantic alignment paradigms: multi-level alignment (MLA) and bidirectional mask modeling (BMM). The MLA module explores finer matching at sentence, phrase, and word levels, while the BMM module aims to mine \textbf{more} semantic alignments between visual and textual modalities. Extensive experiments are carried out to evaluate the proposed IVT on public datasets, i.e., CUHK-PEDES, RSTPReID, and ICFG-PEDES. Even without explicit body part alignment, our approach still achieves state-of-the-art performance. Code is available at: https://github.com/TencentYoutuResearch/PersonRetrieval-IVT.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

SuperCon: Supervised Contrastive Learning for Imbalanced Skin Lesion Classification

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved great success in skin lesion classification. A balanced dataset is required to train a good model. However, due to the appearance of different skin lesions in practice, severe or even deadliest skin lesion types (e.g., melanoma) naturally have quite small amount represented in a dataset. In that, classification performance degradation occurs widely, it is significantly important to have CNNs that work well on class imbalanced skin lesion image dataset. In this paper, we propose SuperCon, a two-stage training strategy to overcome the class imbalance problem on skin lesion classification. It contains two stages: (i) representation training that tries to learn a feature representation that closely aligned among intra-classes and distantly apart from inter-classes, and (ii) classifier fine-tuning that aims to learn a classifier that correctly predict the label based on the learnt representations. In the experimental evaluation, extensive comparisons have been made among our approach and other existing approaches on skin lesion benchmark datasets. The results show that our two-stage training strategy effectively addresses the class imbalance classification problem, and significantly improves existing works in terms of F1-score and AUC score, resulting in state-of-the-art performance.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2022arXiv

US News and Social Media Framing around Vaping

In this paper, we investigate how vaping is framed differently (2008-2021) between US news and social media. We analyze 15,711 news articles and 1,231,379 Facebook posts about vaping to study the differences in framing between media varieties. We use word embeddings to provide two-dimensional visualizations of the semantic changes around vaping for news and for social media. We detail that news media framing of vaping shifted over time in line with emergent regulatory trends, such as; flavored vaping bans, with little discussion around vaping as a smoking cessation tool. We found that social media discussions were far more varied, with transitions toward vaping both as a public health harm and as a smoking cessation tool. Our cloze test, dynamic topic model, and question answering showed similar patterns, where social media, but not news media, characterizes vaping as combustible cigarette substitute. We use n-grams to detail that social media data first centered on vaping as a smoking cessation tool, and in 2019 moved toward narratives around vaping regulation, similar to news media frames. Overall, social media tracks the evolution of vaping as a social practice, while news media reflects more risk based concerns. A strength of our work is how the different techniques we have applied validate each other. Stakeholders may utilize our findings to intervene around the framing of vaping, and may design communications campaigns that improve the way society sees vaping, thus possibly aiding smoking cessation; and reducing youth vaping.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

CS-AF: A Cost-sensitive Multi-classifier Active Fusion Framework for Skin Lesion Classification

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved the state-of-the-art performance in skin lesion analysis. Compared with single CNN classifier, combining the results of multiple classifiers via fusion approaches shows to be more effective and robust. Since the skin lesion datasets are usually limited and statistically biased, while designing an effective fusion approach, it is important to consider not only the performance of each classifier on the training/validation dataset, but also the relative discriminative power (e.g., confidence) of each classifier regarding an individual sample in the testing phase, which calls for an active fusion approach. Furthermore, in skin lesion analysis, the data of certain classes (e.g., the benign lesions) is usually abundant making them an over-represented majority, while the data of some other classes (e.g., the cancerous lesions) is deficient, making them an underrepresented minority. It is more crucial to precisely identify the samples from an underrepresented (i.e., in terms of the amount of data) but more important minority class (e.g., certain cancerous lesion). In other words, misclassifying a more severe lesion to a benign or less severe lesion should have relative more cost (e.g., money, time and even lives). To address such challenges, we present CS-AF, a cost-sensitive multi-classifier active fusion framework for skin lesion classification. In the experimental evaluation, we prepared 96 base classifiers (of 12 CNN architectures) on the ISIC research datasets. Our experimental results show that our framework consistently outperforms the static fusion competitors.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Facial Expression Retargeting from Human to Avatar Made Easy

Facial expression retargeting from humans to virtual characters is a useful technique in computer graphics and animation. Traditional methods use markers or blendshapes to construct a mapping between the human and avatar faces. However, these approaches require a tedious 3D modeling process, and the performance relies on the modelers' experience. In this paper, we propose a brand-new solution to this cross-domain expression transfer problem via nonlinear expression embedding and expression domain translation. We first build low-dimensional latent spaces for the human and avatar facial expressions with variational autoencoder. Then we construct correspondences between the two latent spaces guided by geometric and perceptual constraints. Specifically, we design geometric correspondences to reflect geometric matching and utilize a triplet data structure to express users' perceptual preference of avatar expressions. A user-friendly method is proposed to automatically generate triplets for a system allowing users to easily and efficiently annotate the correspondences. Using both geometric and perceptual correspondences, we trained a network for expression domain translation from human to avatar. Extensive experimental results and user studies demonstrate that even nonprofessional users can apply our method to generate high-quality facial expression retargeting results with less time and effort.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Learning Adaptive Loss for Robust Learning with Noisy Labels

Robust loss minimization is an important strategy for handling robust learning issue on noisy labels. Current robust loss functions, however, inevitably involve hyperparameter(s) to be tuned, manually or heuristically through cross validation, which makes them fairly hard to be generally applied in practice. Besides, the non-convexity brought by the loss as well as the complicated network architecture makes it easily trapped into an unexpected solution with poor generalization capability. To address above issues, we propose a meta-learning method capable of adaptively learning hyperparameter in robust loss functions. Specifically, through mutual amelioration between robust loss hyperparameter and network parameters in our method, both of them can be simultaneously finely learned and coordinated to attain solutions with good generalization capability. Four kinds of SOTA robust loss functions are attempted to be integrated into our algorithm, and comprehensive experiments substantiate the general availability and effectiveness of the proposed method in both its accuracy and generalization performance, as compared with conventional hyperparameter tuning strategy, even with carefully tuned hyperparameters.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

Modeling Caricature Expressions by 3D Blendshape and Dynamic Texture

The problem of deforming an artist-drawn caricature according to a given normal face expression is of interest in applications such as social media, animation and entertainment. This paper presents a solution to the problem, with an emphasis on enhancing the ability to create desired expressions and meanwhile preserve the identity exaggeration style of the caricature, which imposes challenges due to the complicated nature of caricatures. The key of our solution is a novel method to model caricature expression, which extends traditional 3DMM representation to caricature domain. The method consists of shape modelling and texture generation for caricatures. Geometric optimization is developed to create identity-preserving blendshapes for reconstructing accurate and stable geometric shape, and a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) is designed for generating dynamic textures under target expressions. The combination of both shape and texture components makes the non-trivial expressions of a caricature be effectively defined by the extension of the popular 3DMM representation and a caricature can thus be flexibly deformed into arbitrary expressions with good results visually in both shape and color spaces. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access
preprint2020arXiv

SAIA: Split Artificial Intelligence Architecture for Mobile Healthcare System

As the advancement of deep learning (DL), the Internet of Things and cloud computing techniques for biomedical and healthcare problems, mobile healthcare systems have received unprecedented attention. Since DL techniques usually require enormous amount of computation, most of them cannot be directly deployed on the resource-constrained mobile and IoT devices. Hence, most of the mobile healthcare systems leverage the cloud computing infrastructure, where the data collected by the mobile and IoT devices would be transmitted to the cloud computing platforms for analysis. However, in the contested environments, relying on the cloud might not be practical at all times. For instance, the satellite communication might be denied or disrupted. We propose SAIA, a Split Artificial Intelligence Architecture for mobile healthcare systems. Unlike traditional approaches for artificial intelligence (AI) which solely exploits the computational power of the cloud server, SAIA could not only relies on the cloud computing infrastructure while the wireless communication is available, but also utilizes the lightweight AI solutions that work locally on the client side, hence, it can work even when the communication is impeded. In SAIA, we propose a meta-information based decision unit, that could tune whether a sample captured by the client should be operated by the embedded AI (i.e., keeping on the client) or the networked AI (i.e., sending to the server), under different conditions. In our experimental evaluation, extensive experiments have been conducted on two popular healthcare datasets. Our results show that SAIA consistently outperforms its baselines in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency.

0 citations0 reviewsNo code linkedOpen access