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Ke Wu

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37works
21topics
4close collaborators

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37 publications

preprint2026arXiv

Benchmarking LLMs on the Massive Sound Embedding Benchmark (MSEB)

The Massive Sound Embedding Benchmark (MSEB) has emerged as a standard for evaluating the functional breadth of audio models. While initial baselines focused on specialized encoders, the shift toward "audio-native" Large Language Models (LLMs) suggests a new paradigm where a single multimodal backbone may replace complex, task-specific pipelines. This paper provides a rigorous empirical evaluation of leading LLMs - including members from the Gemini and GPT families - across the eight core MSEB capabilities to assess their efficacy and audio-text parity. Our results indicate that while a significant modality gap persists regarding performance and robustness, the empirical evidence for an "optimal" modeling approach remains inconclusive. Ultimately, the choice between audionative and cascaded architectures depends heavily on specific use-case requirements and the underlying assumptions regarding latency, cost, and reasoning depth.

preprint2026arXiv

Why AI Alignment Failure Is Structural: Learned Human Interaction Structures and AGI as an Endogenous Evolutionary Shock

Recent reports of large language models (LLMs) exhibiting behaviors such as deception, threats, or blackmail are often interpreted as evidence of alignment failure or emergent malign agency. We argue that this interpretation rests on a conceptual error. LLMs do not reason morally; they statistically internalize the record of human social interaction, including laws, contracts, negotiations, conflicts, and coercive arrangements. Behaviors commonly labeled as unethical or anomalous are therefore better understood as structural generalizations of interaction regimes that arise under extreme asymmetries of power, information, or constraint. Drawing on relational models theory, we show that practices such as blackmail are not categorical deviations from normal social behavior, but limiting cases within the same continuum that includes market pricing, authority relations, and ultimatum bargaining. The surprise elicited by such outputs reflects an anthropomorphic expectation that intelligence should reproduce only socially sanctioned behavior, rather than the full statistical landscape of behaviors humans themselves enact. Because human morality is plural, context-dependent, and historically contingent, the notion of a universally moral artificial intelligence is ill-defined. We therefore reframe concerns about artificial general intelligence (AGI). The primary risk is not adversarial intent, but AGI's role as an endogenous amplifier of human intelligence, power, and contradiction. By eliminating longstanding cognitive and institutional frictions, AGI compresses timescales and removes the historical margin of error that has allowed inconsistent values and governance regimes to persist without collapse. Alignment failure is thus structural, not accidental, and requires governance approaches that address amplification, complexity, and regime stability rather than model-level intent alone.

preprint2025arXiv

Collaborative Continuum Robots: A Survey

Continuum robots (CRs), owing to their compact structure, inherent compliance, and flexible deformation, have been widely applied in various fields. By coordinating multiple CRs to form collaborative continuum robots (CCRs), task adaptability, workspace, flexibility, load capacity, and operational stability can be further improved, thus offering significant advantages. In recent years, interest in this emerging field has grown steadily within the continuum-robotics community, accompanied by a consistent rise in related publications. By presenting a comprehensive overview of recent progress from different system-architecture levels, this survey provides a clear framework for research on CCRs. First, CCRs are classified into the three collaboration modes of separated collaboration, assistance collaboration, and parallel collaboration, with definitions provided. Next, advances in structural design, modeling, motion planning, and control for each mode are systematically summarized. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities for CCRs are discussed.

preprint2023arXiv

3D Bosons and W1+∞W_{1+\infty} algebra

In this paper, we consider 3D Young diagrams with at most NN layers in zz-axis direction, which can be constructed by NN 2D Young diagrams on slice z=jz=j, j=1,2,⋯ ,Nj=1,2,\cdots, N from the Yang-Baxter equation. Use 2D Bosons {aj,m, m∈Z}\{a_{j,m},\ m\in\Z\} associated to 2D Young diagrams on the slice z=jz=j, we constructed 3D Bosons. Then we show the 3D Boson representation of W1+∞W_{1+\infty} algebra, and the Littlewood-Richardson rule for 3-Jack polynomials from the actions of 3D Bosons on 3D Young diagrams.

preprint2023arXiv

Summative Student Course Review Tool Based on Machine Learning Sentiment Analysis to Enhance Life Science Feedback Efficacy

Machine learning enables the development of new, supplemental, and empowering tools that can either expand existing technologies or invent new ones. In education, space exists for a tool that supports generic student course review formats to organize and recapitulate students' views on the pedagogical practices to which they are exposed. Often, student opinions are gathered with a general comment section that solicits their feelings towards their courses without polling specifics about course contents. Herein, we show a novel approach to summarizing and organizing students' opinions via analyzing their sentiment towards a course as a function of the language/vocabulary used to convey their opinions about a class and its contents. This analysis is derived from their responses to a general comment section encountered at the end of post-course review surveys. This analysis, accomplished with Python, LaTeX, and Google's Natural Language API, allows for the conversion of unstructured text data into both general and topic-specific sub-reports that convey students' views in a unique, novel way.

preprint2022arXiv

3-form Yang-Mills based on 2-crossed modules

In this paper, we study the higher Yang-Mills theory in the framework of higher gauge theory. It was shown that the 2-form electromagnetism can be generalized to the 2-form Yang-Mills theory with the group U(1)U(1) replaced by a crossed module of Lie groups. To extend this theory to even higher structure, we develop a 3-form Yang-Mills theory with a 2-crossed module of Lie groups. First, we give an explicit construction of non-degenerate symmetric GG-invariant forms on the 2-crossed module of Lie algebras. Then, we derive the 3-Bianchi-Identities for 3-curvatures. Finally, we create a 3-form Yang-Mills action and obtain the corresponding field equations.

preprint2022arXiv

Global Normalization for Streaming Speech Recognition in a Modular Framework

We introduce the Globally Normalized Autoregressive Transducer (GNAT) for addressing the label bias problem in streaming speech recognition. Our solution admits a tractable exact computation of the denominator for the sequence-level normalization. Through theoretical and empirical results, we demonstrate that by switching to a globally normalized model, the word error rate gap between streaming and non-streaming speech-recognition models can be greatly reduced (by more than 50\% on the Librispeech dataset). This model is developed in a modular framework which encompasses all the common neural speech recognition models. The modularity of this framework enables controlled comparison of modelling choices and creation of new models.

preprint2022arXiv

Transformer-based Models of Text Normalization for Speech Applications

Text normalization, or the process of transforming text into a consistent, canonical form, is crucial for speech applications such as text-to-speech synthesis (TTS). In TTS, the system must decide whether to verbalize "1995" as "nineteen ninety five" in "born in 1995" or as "one thousand nine hundred ninety five" in "page 1995". We present an experimental comparison of various Transformer-based sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models of text normalization for speech and evaluate them on a variety of datasets of written text aligned to its normalized spoken form. These models include variants of the 2-stage RNN-based tagging/seq2seq architecture introduced by Zhang et al. (2019), where we replace the RNN with a Transformer in one or more stages, as well as vanilla Transformers that output string representations of edit sequences. Of our approaches, using Transformers for sentence context encoding within the 2-stage model proved most effective, with the fine-tuned BERT encoder yielding the best performance.

preprint2021arXiv

W-representation of Rainbow tensor model

We analyze the rainbow tensor model and present the Virasoro constraints, where the constraint operators obey the Witt algebra and null 3-algebra. We generalize the method of W-representation in matrix model to the rainbow tensor model, where the operators preserving and increasing the grading play a crucial role. It is shown that the rainbow tensor model can be realized by acting on elementary function with exponent of the operator increasing the grading. We derive the compact expression of correlators and apply it to several models, i.e., the red tensor model, Aristotelian tensor model and r=4 rainbow tensor model. Furthermore, we discuss the case of the non-Gaussian red tensor model and present a dual expression for partition function through differentiation.

preprint2020arXiv

Correlators in the supereigenvalue model in the Ramond sector

We investigate the supereigenvalue model in the Ramond sector. We prove that its partition function can be obtained by acting on elementary functions with exponents of the given operators. The Virasoro constraints for this supereigenvalue model are presented. The remarkable property of these bosonic constraint operators is that they obey the Witt algebra and null 3-algebra. The compact expression of correlators can be derived from these Virasoro constraints.

preprint2019arXiv

Non-rigid Registration Method between 3D CT Liver Data and 2D Ultrasonic Images based on Demons Model

The non-rigid registration between CT data and ultrasonic images of liver can facilitate the diagnosis and treatment, which has been widely studied in recent years. To improve the registration accuracy of the Demons model on the non-rigid registration between 3D CT liver data and 2D ultrasonic images, a novel boundary extraction and enhancement method based on radial directional local intuitionistic fuzzy entropy in the polar coordinates has been put forward, and a new registration workflow has been provided. Experiments show that our method can acquire high-accuracy registration results. Experiments also show that the accuracy of the results of our method is higher than that of the original Demons method and the Demons method using simulated ultrasonic image by Field II. The operation time of our registration workflow is about 30 seconds, and it can be used in the surgery.

preprint2016arXiv

Minimally Supervised Written-to-Spoken Text Normalization

In speech-applications such as text-to-speech (TTS) or automatic speech recognition (ASR), \emph{text normalization} refers to the task of converting from a \emph{written} representation into a representation of how the text is to be \emph{spoken}. In all real-world speech applications, the text normalization engine is developed---in large part---by hand. For example, a hand-built grammar may be used to enumerate the possible ways of saying a given token in a given language, and a statistical model used to select the most appropriate pronunciation in context. In this study we examine the tradeoffs associated with using more or less language-specific domain knowledge in a text normalization engine. In the most data-rich scenario, we have access to a carefully constructed hand-built normalization grammar that for any given token will produce a set of all possible verbalizations for that token. We also assume a corpus of aligned written-spoken utterances, from which we can train a ranking model that selects the appropriate verbalization for the given context. As a substitute for the carefully constructed grammar, we also consider a scenario with a language-universal normalization \emph{covering grammar}, where the developer merely needs to provide a set of lexical items particular to the language. As a substitute for the aligned corpus, we also consider a scenario where one only has the spoken side, and the corresponding written side is "hallucinated" by composing the spoken side with the inverted normalization grammar. We investigate the accuracy of a text normalization engine under each of these scenarios. We report the results of experiments on English and Russian.

preprint2016arXiv

Node-By-Node Greedy Deep Learning for Interpretable Features

Multilayer networks have seen a resurgence under the umbrella of deep learning. Current deep learning algorithms train the layers of the network sequentially, improving algorithmic performance as well as providing some regularization. We present a new training algorithm for deep networks which trains \emph{each node in the network} sequentially. Our algorithm is orders of magnitude faster, creates more interpretable internal representations at the node level, while not sacrificing on the ultimate out-of-sample performance.

preprint2015arXiv

On q-deformed infinite-dimensional n-algebra

The qq-deformation of the infinite-dimensional nn-algebra is investigated. Based on the structure of the qq-deformed Virasoro-Witt algebra, we derive a nontrivial qq-deformed Virasoro-Witt nn-algebra which is nothing but a sh-nn-Lie algebra. Furthermore in terms of the pseud-differential operators on the quantum plane, we construct the (co)sine nn-algebra and the qq-deformed SDiff(T2)SDiff(T^2) nn-algebra. We prove that they are the sh-nn-Lie algebras for the case of even nn. An explicit physical realization of the (co)sine nn-algebra is given.

preprint2014arXiv

On W1+∞W_{1+\infty} 3-algebra and integrable system

We construct the W1+∞W_{1+\infty} 3-algebra and investigate the relation between this infinite-dimensional 3-algebra and the integrable systems. Since the W1+∞W_{1+\infty} 3-algebra with a fixed generator W00W^0_0 in the operator Nambu 3-bracket recovers the W1+∞W_{1+\infty} algebra, it is natural to derive the KP hierarchy from the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation. For the general case of the W1+∞W_{1+\infty} 3-algebra, we directly derive the KP and KdV equations from the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation with the different Hamiltonian pairs. We also discuss the connection between the W1+∞W_{1+\infty} 3-algebra and the dispersionless KdV equations. Due to the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation involves two Hamiltonians, the deep relationship between the Hamiltonian pairs of KP hierarchy is revealed. Furthermore we give a realization of W1+∞W_{1+\infty} 3-algebra in terms of a complex bosonic field. Based on the Nambu 3-brackets of the complex bosonic field, we derive the (generalized) nonlinear Schrödinger equation and give an application in optical soliton.

preprint2013arXiv

A diagrammatic categorification of the fermion algebra

In this paper, we study the diagrammatic categorification of the fermion algebra. We construct a graphical category corresponding to the one-dimensional fermion algebra, and we investigate the properties of this category. The categorical analogues of the Fock states are some kind of 1-morphisms in our category, and the dimension of the vector space of 2-morphisms is exactly the inner product of the corresponding Fock states. All the results in our categorical framework coincide exactly with those in normal quantum mechanics.

preprint2013arXiv

Categorification of the Heisenberg algebra and MacMahon function

Starting from a one dimensional vector space, we construct a categorification ′H'\mathcal H of a deformed Heiserberg algebra ′H'H by Cautis and Licata's method. The Grothendieck ring of ′H'\mathcal H is ′H'H. As an application, we discuss some related partition functions related to the MacMahon function of 3D Young diagram. We expect further applications of the results of this paper.

preprint2013arXiv

Two Algorithms for Finding kk Shortest Paths of a Weighted Pushdown Automaton

We introduce efficient algorithms for finding the kk shortest paths of a weighted pushdown automaton (WPDA), a compact representation of a weighted set of strings with potential applications in parsing and machine translation. Both of our algorithms are derived from the same weighted deductive logic description of the execution of a WPDA using different search strategies. Experimental results show our Algorithm 2 adds very little overhead vs. the single shortest path algorithm, even with a large kk.

preprint2012arXiv

Infinite-dimensional 3-algebra and integrable system

The relation between the infinite-dimensional 3-algebras and the dispersionless KdV hierarchy is investigated. Based on the infinite-dimensional 3-algebras, we derive two compatible Nambu Hamiltonian structures. Then the dispersionless KdV hierarchy follows from the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation given the suitable Hamiltonians. We find that the dispersionless KdV system is not only a bi-Hamiltonian system, but also a bi-Nambu-Hamiltonian system. Due to the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation involving two Hamiltonians, more intriguing relationships between these Hamiltonians are revealed. As an application, we investigate the system of polytropic gas equations and derive an integrable gas dynamics system in the framework of Nambu mechanics.

preprint2011arXiv

Drinfeld twist and symmetric Bethe vectors of the open XYZ chain with non-diagonal boundary terms

With the help of the Drinfeld twist or factorizing F-matrix for the eight-vertex solid-on-solid (SOS) model, we find that in the F-basis provided by the twist the two sets of pseudo-particle creation operators simultaneously take completely symmetric and polarization free form. This allows us to obtain the explicit and completely symmetric expressions of the two sets of Bethe states of the model.

preprint2011arXiv

Super w∞w_{\infty} 3-algebra

We investigate the super high-order Virasoro 3-algebra. By applying the appropriate scaling limits on the generators, we obtain the super w∞w_{\infty} 3-algebra which satisfies the generalized fundamental identity condition. We also define a super Nambu-Poisson bracket which satisfies the generalized skewsymmetry, Leibniz rule and fundamental identity. By means of this super Nambu-Poisson bracket, the realization of the super w∞w_{\infty} 3-algebra is presented.

preprint2011arXiv

The central elements of Eq,p(sl2^)kE_{q,p}(\hat{sl_2})_k with the critical level

In this paper we generalize certain results concerning quantum affine algebra Uq(sl2^)U_{q}(\hat{sl_{2}}) at the critical level to the corresponding elliptic case Eq,p(sl2^)E_{q,p}(\hat{sl_2}). Using the Wakimoto realization of the algebra Eq,p(sl2^)E_{q,p}(\hat{sl_2}), we construct the central elements of it at the critical level. It turns out that the so called Drinfeld conjecture originally proposed for Kac-Moody algebras also holds for the elliptic quantum algebras.

preprint2011arXiv

Topological Quantum Field Theory via Chren-Simons Theory, part 1

To understand what does Chern-Simons with compact Lie group(does not like Dijkgraaf-Witten model with finite group in 3d) attach to a point, we first give a construction of Topological Quantum Field Theory(TQFT) via Chern-Simons theory in this paper. We discuss the Topological Quantum Field Theory and Chern-Simons theory via Category, then interpret the cobordism as cospan and field of space-time as span, which ultimately deduce the construction of TQFT.

preprint2010arXiv

Tau function and Hirota bilinear equations for the Extended bigraded Toda Hierarchy

In this paper we generalize the Sato theory to the extended bigraded Toda hierarchy (EBTH). We revise the definition of the Lax equations,give the Sato equations, wave operators, Hirota bilinear identities (HBI) and show the existence of tautau function τ(t)τ(t). Meanwhile we prove the validity of its Fay-like identities and Hirota bilinear equations (HBEs) in terms of vertex operators whose coefficients take values in the algebra of differential operators. In contrast with HBEs of the usual integrable system, the current HBEs are equations of product of operators involving e∂xe^{\partial_x} and τ(t)τ(t).

preprint2008arXiv

Bilinear Approach to N=2 Supersymmetric KdV equations

The N=2 supersymmetric KdV equations are studied within the framework of Hirota's bilinear method. For two such equations, namely N=2,a=4N=2, a=4 and N=2,a=1N=2, a=1 supersymmetric KdV equations, we obtain the corresponding bilinear formulations. Using them, we construct particular solutions for both cases. In particular, a bilinear Bäcklund transformation is given for the N=2,a=1N=2, a=1 supersymmetric KdV equation.

preprint1999arXiv

Application of Noncommutative Differential Geometry on Lattice to Anomaly

The chiral anomaly in lattice abelian gauge theory is investigated by applying the geometric and topological method in noncommutative differential geometry(NCDG). A new kind of double complex and descent equation are proposed on infinite hypercubic lattice in arbitrary even dimensional Euclidean space, in the framework of NCDG. Using the general solutions to proposed descent equation, we derive the chiral anomaly in Abelian lattice gauge theory. The topological origin of anomaly is nothing but the Chern classes in NCDG.

preprint1997arXiv

The Algebraic Structure of the gl(n∣m)gl(n|m) Color Calogero-Sutherland Models

We extend the study on the algebraic structure of the su(n)su(n) color Calogero-Sutherland models to the case of gl(n∣m)gl(n|m) color CS model and show that the generators of the super-Yangian Y(gl(n∣m))Y(gl(n|m)) can be obtained from two gl(n∣m)gl(n|m) loop algebras. Also, a super W∞W_{\infty} algebra for the SUSY CS model is constructed.

preprint1994arXiv

Standard Model With Higgs As Gauge Field On Fourth Homotopy Group

Based upon a first principle, the generalized gauge principle, we construct a general model with GL×GR′×Z2G_L\times G'_R \times Z_2 gauge symmetry, where Z2=π4(GL)Z_2=π_4(G_L) is the fourth homotopy group of the gauge group GLG_L, by means of the non-commutative differential geometry and reformulate the Weinberg-Salam model and the standard model with the Higgs field being a gauge field on the fourth homotopy group of their gauge groups. We show that in this approach not only the Higgs field is automatically introduced on the equal footing with ordinary Yang-Mills gauge potentials and there are no extra constraints among the parameters at the tree level but also it most importantly is stable against quantum correlation.

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