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Belinda Zeng

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Published work

5 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

WavFlow: Audio Generation in Waveform Space

Modern audio generation predominantly relies on latent-space compression, introducing additional complexity and potential information loss. In this work, we challenge this paradigm with WavFlow, a framework that generates high-fidelity audio directly in raw waveform space without intermediate representations. To overcome the inherent difficulties of modeling high-dimensional and low-energy signals, we reshape audio into 2D token grids through waveform patchify and introduce amplitude lifting to align signal scales, enabling stable optimization via direct x-prediction in flow matching. To capture complex semantic alignment and temporal synchronization, we leverage an automated data pipeline to curate 5 million high-quality video-text-audio triplets, allowing the model to learn fine-grained acoustic patterns from scratch. Experimental results show that WavFlow achieves competitive performance on the video-to-audio benchmark VGGSound (FD_PaSST: 59.98, IS_PANNs: 17.40, DeSync: 0.44) and the text-to-audio benchmark AudioCaps (FD_PANNs: 10.63, IS_PANNs: 12.62), matching or exceeding the performance of established latent-based methods. Our work demonstrates that intermediate compression is not a prerequisite for high-quality synthesis, offering a simpler and more scalable alternative for multimodal audio generation.

preprint2022arXiv

DynaMaR: Dynamic Prompt with Mask Token Representation

Recent research has shown that large language models pretrained using unsupervised approaches can achieve significant performance improvement on many downstream tasks. Typically when adapting these language models to downstream tasks, like a classification or regression task, we employ a fine-tuning paradigm in which the sentence representation from the language model is input to a task-specific head; the model is then fine-tuned end-to-end. However, with the emergence of models like GPT-3, prompt-based fine-tuning has been proven to be a successful approach for few-shot tasks. Inspired by this work, we study discrete prompt technologies in practice. There are two issues that arise with the standard prompt approach. First, it can overfit on the prompt template. Second, it requires manual effort to formulate the downstream task as a language model problem. In this paper, we propose an improvement to prompt-based fine-tuning that addresses these two issues. We refer to our approach as DynaMaR -- Dynamic Prompt with Mask Token Representation. Results show that DynaMaR can achieve an average improvement of 10% in few-shot settings and improvement of 3.7% in data-rich settings over the standard fine-tuning approach on four e-commerce applications.

preprint2022arXiv

Efficient and effective training of language and graph neural network models

Can we combine heterogenous graph structure with text to learn high-quality semantic and behavioural representations? Graph neural networks (GNN)s encode numerical node attributes and graph structure to achieve impressive performance in a variety of supervised learning tasks. Current GNN approaches are challenged by textual features, which typically need to be encoded to a numerical vector before provided to the GNN that may incur some information loss. In this paper, we put forth an efficient and effective framework termed language model GNN (LM-GNN) to jointly train large-scale language models and graph neural networks. The effectiveness in our framework is achieved by applying stage-wise fine-tuning of the BERT model first with heterogenous graph information and then with a GNN model. Several system and design optimizations are proposed to enable scalable and efficient training. LM-GNN accommodates node and edge classification as well as link prediction tasks. We evaluate the LM-GNN framework in different datasets performance and showcase the effectiveness of the proposed approach. LM-GNN provides competitive results in an Amazon query-purchase-product application.

preprint2022arXiv

Multi-modal Alignment using Representation Codebook

Aligning signals from different modalities is an important step in vision-language representation learning as it affects the performance of later stages such as cross-modality fusion. Since image and text typically reside in different regions of the feature space, directly aligning them at instance level is challenging especially when features are still evolving during training. In this paper, we propose to align at a higher and more stable level using cluster representation. Specifically, we treat image and text as two "views" of the same entity, and encode them into a joint vision-language coding space spanned by a dictionary of cluster centers (codebook). We contrast positive and negative samples via their cluster assignments while simultaneously optimizing the cluster centers. To further smooth out the learning process, we adopt a teacher-student distillation paradigm, where the momentum teacher of one view guides the student learning of the other. We evaluated our approach on common vision language benchmarks and obtain new SoTA on zero-shot cross modality retrieval while being competitive on various other transfer tasks.

preprint2022arXiv

Vision-Language Pre-Training with Triple Contrastive Learning

Vision-language representation learning largely benefits from image-text alignment through contrastive losses (e.g., InfoNCE loss). The success of this alignment strategy is attributed to its capability in maximizing the mutual information (MI) between an image and its matched text. However, simply performing cross-modal alignment (CMA) ignores data potential within each modality, which may result in degraded representations. For instance, although CMA-based models are able to map image-text pairs close together in the embedding space, they fail to ensure that similar inputs from the same modality stay close by. This problem can get even worse when the pre-training data is noisy. In this paper, we propose triple contrastive learning (TCL) for vision-language pre-training by leveraging both cross-modal and intra-modal self-supervision. Besides CMA, TCL introduces an intra-modal contrastive objective to provide complementary benefits in representation learning. To take advantage of localized and structural information from image and text input, TCL further maximizes the average MI between local regions of image/text and their global summary. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first work that takes into account local structure information for multi-modality representation learning. Experimental evaluations show that our approach is competitive and achieves the new state of the art on various common down-stream vision-language tasks such as image-text retrieval and visual question answering.