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VMO spaces associated with Neumann Laplacian

In this paper, we establish several different characterizations of the vanishing mean oscillation space associated with Neumann Laplacian $Δ_N$, written ${\rm VMO}_{Δ_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)$. We first describe it with the classical ${\rm VMO}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and certain ${\rm VMO}$ on the half-spaces. Then we demonstrate that ${\rm VMO}_{Δ_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is actually ${\rm BMO}_{Δ_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)$-closure of the space of the smooth functions with compact supports. Beyond that, it can be characterized in terms of compact commutators of Riesz transforms and fractional integral operators associated to the Neumann Laplacian. Additionally, by means of the functional analysis, we obtain the duality between certain ${\rm VMO}$ and the corresponding Hardy spaces on the half-spaces. Finally, we present an useful approximation for ${\rm BMO}$ functions on the space of homogeneous type, which can be applied to our argument and otherwhere.