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Universal Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Electron Systems in Functional Oxides

Two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) in functional oxides are promising for applications, but their fabrication and use, essentially limited to SrTiO$_3$-based heterostructures, are hampered by the need of growing complex oxide over-layers thicker than 2~nm using evolved techniques. This work shows that thermal deposition of a monolayer of an elementary reducing agent suffices to create 2DESs in numerous oxides.