Topological semi-metals with line nodes and drumhead surface states

In an ordinary three-dimensional metal the Fermi surface forms a two-dimensional closed sheet separating the filled from the empty states. Topological semimetals, on the other hand, can exhibit protected one-dimensional Fermi lines or zero-dimensional Fermi points, which arise due to an intricate interplay between symmetry and topology of the electronic wavefunctions. Here, we study how reflection symmetry, time-reversal symmetry, SU(2) spin-rotation symmetry, and inversion symmetry lead to the topological protection of line nodes in three-dimensional semi-metals. We obtain the crystalline invariants that guarantee the stability of the line nodes in the bulk and show that a quantized Berry phase leads to the appearance of protected surfaces states with a nearly flat dispersion. By deriving a relation between the crystalline invariants and the Berry phase, we establish a direct connection between the stability of the line nodes and the topological surface states. As a representative example of a topological semimetal with line nodes, we consider Ca$_3$P$_2$ and discuss the topological properties of its Fermi line in terms of a low-energy effective theory and a tight-binding model, derived from ab initio DFT calculations. Due to the bulk-boundary correspondence, Ca$_3$P$_2$ displays nearly dispersionless surface states, which take the shape of a drumhead. These surface states could potentially give rise to novel topological response phenomena and provide an avenue for exotic correlation physics at the surface.

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