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Time Reversibility of Quantum Diffusion in Small-world Networks

We study the time-reversal dynamics of a tight-binding electron in the Watts-Strogatz (WS) small-world networks. The localized initial wave packet at time $t=0$ diffuses as time proceeds until the time-reversal operation, together with the momentum perturbation of the strength $η$, is made at the reversal time $T$. The time irreversibility is measured by $I \equiv |Π(t = 2T) - Π(t = 0)|$, where $Π$ is the participation ratio gauging the extendedness of the wavefunction and for convenience, $t$ is measured forward even after the time reversal . When $η= 0$, the time evolution after $T$ makes the wavefunction at $t=2T$ identical to the one at $t=0$, and we find I=0, implying a null irreversibility or a complete reversibility. On the other hand, as $η$ is increased from zero, the reversibility becomes weaker, and we observe enhancement of the irreversibility. We find that $I$ linearly increases with increasing $η$ in the weakly-perturbed region, and that the irreversibility is much stronger in the WS network than in the local regular network.