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THz conductivity of graphene on boron nitride

The conductivity of graphene on a boron nitride substrate exhibits features in the terahertz (THz) and infrared (IR) frequency regimes that are associated with the periodic moiré pattern formed by the weakly coupled two-dimensional materials. The THz and IR features are strongest when the two honeycomb lattices are orientationally aligned, and in this case are Pauli blocked unless the Fermi level is close to $\pm 150$ meV relative to the graphene sheet Dirac point. Because the transition energies between moiré bands formed above the Dirac point are small, ac conductivity features in n-doped graphene tend to be overwhelmed by the Drude peak. The substrate-induced band splitting is larger at energies below the Dirac point, however, and can however lead to sharp features at THz and IR frequencies in p-doped graphene. In this Letter we focus on the strongest few THz and IR features, explaining how they arise from critical points in the moiré-band joint density-of-states, and commenting on the interval of Fermi energy over which they are active.