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Theoretical study of fusion reactions $^{32}$S + $^{94,96}$Zr and $^{40}$Ca + $^{94,96}$Zr and quadrupole deformation of $^{94}$Zr

The dynamic coupling effects on fusion cross sections for reactions $^{32}$S + $^{94,96}$Zr and $^{40}$Ca + $^{94,96}$Zr are studied with the universal fusion function formalism and an empirical coupled channel (ECC) model. An examination of the reduced fusion functions shows that the total effect of couplings to inelastic excitations and neutron transfer channels on fusion in $^{32}$S + $^{94}$Zr ($^{40}$Ca + $^{94}$Zr) is almost the same as that in $^{32}$S + $^{96}$Zr ($^{40}$Ca + $^{96}$Zr). The enhancements of the fusion cross section at sub-barrier energies due to inelastic channel coupling and neutron transfer channel coupling are evaluated separately by using the ECC model. The results show that effect of couplings to inelastic excitations channels in the reactions with $^{94}$Zr as target should be similar as that in the reactions with $^{96}$Zr as target. This implies that the quadrupole deformation parameters $β_2$ of $^{94}$Zr and $^{96}$Zr should be similar to each other. However, $β_2$'s predicted from the finite-range droplet model, which are used in the ECC model, are quite different. Experiments on $^{48}$Ca + $^{94}$Zr or $^{36}$S + $^{94}$Zr are suggested to solve the puzzling issue concerning $β_2$ for $^{94}$Zr.