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The nature of the glass and gel transitions in sticky spheres

Glasses and gels are the two dynamically arrested, disordered states of matter. Despite their importance, their similarities and differences remain elusive, especially at high density. We identify dynamical and structural signatures which distinguish the gel and glass transitions in a colloidal model system of hard and "sticky" spheres. Gelation is induced by crossing the gas-liquid phase-separation line and the resulting rapid densification of the colloid-rich phase leads to a sharp change in dynamics and local structure. Thus, we find that gelation is first-order-like and can occur at much higher densities than previously thought: far from being low-density networks, gels have a clear "thermodynamic" definition which nevertheless leads to a non-equilibrium state with a distinct local structure characteristic of a rapidly quenched glass. In contrast, approaching the glass transition, the dynamics slow continuously accompanied by the emergence of local five-fold symmetric structure. Our findings provide a general thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural basis upon which to distinguish gelation from vitrification.