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The hadronic origin of hard gamma-ray spectrum from blazar 1ES 1101-232

The very hard $γ$-ray spectrum from distant blazars challenges the traditional synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model, which may indicate that there is the contribution of an additional high-energy component beyond the SSC emission. In this paper, we study the possible origin of the hard $γ$-ray spectrum from distant blazars. We develop a model to explain the hard $γ$-ray spectrum from blazar 1ES 1101-232. In the model, the optical and X-ray radiation would come from the synchrotron radiation of primary electrons and secondary pairs, the GeV emission would be produced by the SSC process, however, the hard $γ$-ray spectrum would originate from the decay of neutral pion produced through proton-photon interactions with the synchrotron radiation photons within the jet. Our model can explain the observed SED of 1ES 1101-232 well, especially the very hard $γ$-ray spectrum. However, our model requires the very large proton power to efficiently produce the $γ$-ray through proton-photon interactions.