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Symmetry potential of $Δ(1232)$ resonance and its effects on the $π^-/π^+$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions near the pion production threshold

Effects of the completely unknown symmetry (isovector) potential of the \D on the total and differential \rpi in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies from 100 to 1000 MeV/A are explored within an isospin-dependent transport model IBUU. The effects are found to be negligible at beam energies above the pion production threshold due to the very short lifetimes of less than 2 fm/c for $Δ$ resonances with masses around $m_Δ=1232$ MeV, leaving the $π^-/π^+$ ratios of especially the energetic pions still a reliable probe of the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy $E_{sym}(ρ)$. However, as the beam energy becomes deeply sub-threshold for pion production, effects of the $Δ$ symmetry potential becomes appreciable especially on the \rpi of low-energy pions from the decays of low-mass $Δ$ resonances which have lived long enough to be affected by their mean-field potentials, providing a useful tool to study the symmetry potential and spectroscopy of $Δ$ resonances in neutron-rich nuclear matter. Interestingly though, even at the deeply sub-threshold beam energies, the differential \rpi of energetic pions remains sensitive to the \esym at supra saturation densities with little influence from the uncertain symmetry potential of the $Δ$ resonance.