Paper detail

Stellar coronal X-ray emission and surface magnetic flux

Observations show that the coronal X-ray emission of the Sun and other stars depends on the surface magnetic field. Using power-law scaling relations between different physical parameters, we build an analytical model to connect the observed X-ray emission to the magnetic flux. The basis for our model are the scaling laws of Rosner, Tucker \& Vaiana (RTV) that connect the temperature and pressure of a coronal loop to its length and energy input. To estimate the energy flux into the upper atmosphere, we use scalings derived for different heating mechanisms, e.g. for field-line braiding or Alfven-wave heating. We supplement this by observed relations between active region size and magnetic flux and derive scalings of how X-ray emissivity depends on temperature. Based on our analytical model, we find a power-law dependence of the X-ray emission on the magnetic flux, $L_{\rm X}\propto Φ^m$, with a power-law index $m$ being in the range from about 1 to 2. This finding is consistent with a wide range of observations, from individual features on the Sun, e.g. bright points or active regions, to stars of different types and varying levels of activity. The power-law index $m$ depends on the choice of the heating mechanism, and our results slightly favour the braiding and nanoflare scenarios over Alfvén wave heating. In addition, the choice of instrument will have an impact on the power-law index $m$, which is because of the sensitivity of the observed wavelength region to the temperature of the coronal plasma. Overall, our simple analytical model based on the RTV scaling laws gives a good representation of the observed X-ray emission. This underlines that we might be able to understand stellar coronal activity though a collection of basic building blocks, i.e. loops, that we can study in spatially resolved detail on the Sun.