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Space proof complexity for random $3$-CNFs via a $(2-ε)$-Hall's Theorem

We investigate the space complexity of refuting $3$-CNFs in Resolution and algebraic systems. No lower bound for refuting any family of $3$-CNFs was previously known for the total space in resolution or for the monomial space in algebraic systems. We prove that every Polynomial Calculus with Resolution refutation of a random $3$-CNF $ϕ$ in $n$ variables requires, with high probability, $Ω(n/\log n)$ distinct monomials to be kept simultaneously in memory. The same construction also proves that every Resolution refutation $ϕ$ requires, with high probability, $Ω(n/\log n)$ clauses each of width $Ω(n/\log n)$ to be kept at the same time in memory. This gives a $Ω(n^2/\log^2 n)$ lower bound for the total space needed in Resolution to refute $ϕ$. The main technical innovation is a variant of Hall's theorem. We show that in bipartite graphs $G$ with bipartition $(L,R)$ and left-degree at most 3, $L$ can be covered by certain families of disjoint paths, called $(2,4)$-matchings, provided that $L$ expands in $R$ by a factor of $(2-ε)$, for $ε< \frac{1}{23}$.