Scl, sails and surgery

We establish a close connection between stable commutator length in free groups and the geometry of sails (roughly, the boundary of the convex hull of the set of integer lattice points) in integral polyhedral cones. This connection allows us to show that the scl norm is piecewise rational linear in free products of Abelian groups, and that it can be computed via integer programming. Furthermore, we show that the scl spectrum of nonabelian free groups contains elements congruent to every rational number modulo $\mathbb{Z}$, and contains well-ordered sequences of values with ordinal type $ω^ω$. Finally, we study families of elements $w(p)$ in free groups obtained by surgery on a fixed element $w$ in a free product of Abelian groups of higher rank, and show that $\scl(w(p)) \to \scl(w)$ as $p \to \infty$.

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