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Riesz Transform Characterization of Hardy Spaces Associated with Ball Quasi-Banach Function Spaces

Let $X$ be a ball quasi-Banach function space satisfying some mild assumptions and $H_X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ the Hardy space associated with $X$. In this article, the authors introduce both the Hardy space $H_X(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$ of harmonic functions and the Hardy space $\mathbb{H}_X(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$ of harmonic vectors, associated with $X$, and then establish the isomorphisms among $H_X(\mathbb{R}^n)$, $H_{X,2}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$, and $\mathbb{H}_{X,2}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$, where $H_{X,2}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$ and $\mathbb{H}_{X,2}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$ are, respectively, certain subspaces of $H_X(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$ and $\mathbb{H}_X(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$. Using these isomorphisms, the authors establish the first order Riesz transform characterization of $H_X(\mathbb{R}^n)$. The higher order Riesz transform characterization of $H_X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is also obtained. The results obtained in this article have a wide range of generality and can be applied to the classical Hardy space, the weighted Hardy space, the Herz-Hardy space, the Lorentz-Hardy space, the variable Hardy space, the mixed-norm Hardy space, the local generalized Herz-Hardy space, and the mixed-norm Herz-Hardy space.