Representing embeddability as set inclusion

preprint1995arXivOpen access

Abstract

A few steps are made towards representation theory of embeddability among uncountable graphs. A monotone class of graphs is defined by forbidding countable subgraphs, related to the graph's end-structure. Using a combinatorial theorem of Shelah it is proved: - The complexity of the class in every regular uncountable ł>ℵ1ł>\aleph_1 is at least λ++sup⁡{μℵ0:μ+<λ}λ^+ + \sup\{μ^{\aleph_0}:μ^+<λ\} - For all regular uncountable λ>ℵ1λ>\aleph_1 there are 2λ2^λ pairwise non embeddable graphs in the class having strong homogeneity properties. - It is characterized when some invariants of a graph $G\in \Cal G_λ$ have to be inherited by one of fewer than λλ subgraphs whose union covers GG. All three results are obtained as corollaries of a representation theorem that asserts the existence of a surjective homomorphism from the relation of embeddability over isomorphism types of regular cardinality λ>ℵ1λ>\aleph_1 onto set inclusion over all subsets of reals or cardinality λλ or less. Continuity properties of the homomorphism are used to extend the first result to all singular cardinals below the first cardinal fixed point of second order. The first result shows that, unlike what Shelah showed in the class of all graphs, the relations of embeddability in this class is not independent of negations of the GCH.

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