Paper detail

Ratchet effect in spatially modulated bilayer graphene: Signature of hydrodynamic transport

We report on the observation of the ratchet effect -- generation of direct electric current in response to external terahertz (THz) radiation -- in bilayer graphene, where inversion symmetry is broken by an asymmetric dual-grating gate potential. As a central result, we demonstrate that at high temperature, $T = 150~\textrm{K}$, the ratchet current decreases at high frequencies as $ \propto 1/ω^2$, while at low temperature, $T = 4.2~\textrm{K}$, the frequency dependence becomes much stronger $\propto 1/ω^6$. The developed theory shows that the frequency dependence of the ratchet current is very sensitive to the ratio of the electron-impurity and electron-electron scattering rates. The theory predicts that the dependence $1/ω^6$ is realized in the hydrodynamic regime, when electron-electron scattering dominates, while $1/ω^2$ is specific for the drift-diffusion approximation. Therefore, our experimental observation of a very strong frequency dependence reveals the emergence of the hydrodynamic regime.