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Predictive PAC learnability: a paradigm for learning from exchangeable input data

Exchangeable random variables form an important and well-studied generalization of i.i.d. variables, however simple examples show that no nontrivial concept or function classes are PAC learnable under general exchangeable data inputs $X_1,X_2,\ldots$. Inspired by the work of Berti and Rigo on a Glivenko--Cantelli theorem for exchangeable inputs, we propose a new paradigm, adequate for learning from exchangeable data: predictive PAC learnability. A learning rule $\mathcal L$ for a function class $\mathscr F$ is predictive PAC if for every $\e,δ>0$ and each function $f\in {\mathscr F}$, whenever $\absσ\geq s(δ,\e)$, we have with confidence $1-δ$ that the expected difference between $f(X_{n+1})$ and the image of $f\vertσ$ under $\mathcal L$ does not exceed $\e$ conditionally on $X_1,X_2,\ldots,X_n$. Thus, instead of learning the function $f$ as such, we are learning to a given accuracy $\e$ the predictive behaviour of $f$ at the future points $X_i(ω)$, $i>n$ of the sample path. Using de Finetti's theorem, we show that if a universally separable function class $\mathscr F$ is distribution-free PAC learnable under i.i.d. inputs, then it is distribution-free predictive PAC learnable under exchangeable inputs, with a slightly worse sample complexity.