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$P$-alcoves and nonemptiness of affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties

We study affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties in the affine flag manifold of an algebraic group, and in particular the question, which affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties are non-empty. Under mild assumptions on the group, we provide a complete answer to this question in terms of the underlying affine root system. In particular, this proves the corresponding conjecture for split groups stated in Görtz et al. (2010). The question of non-emptiness of affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties is closely related to the relationship between certain natural stratifications of moduli spaces of abelian varieties in positive characteristic.