Abstract
Tang derived the exact power formulae for t tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in superiority, noninferiority and equivalence trials. The power calculation in equivalence trials can be simplified by using Owen's Q function, which is available in standard statistical software. We extend the exact power determination method for ANCOVA to unstratified and stratified multi-arm randomized trials. The method is applied to the design of multi-arm trials and gold standard noninferiority trials.
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