Abstract
It is discovered that the tokamak field geometry generates a pitch-angle scattering effect for runaway electrons. This neoclassical pitch-angle scattering is much stronger than the collisional scattering and invalidates the gyro-center model for runaway electrons. As a result, the energy limit of runaway electrons is found to be larger than the prediction of the gyro-center model and to depend heavily on the background magnetic field.
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