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Methods of infinite dimensional Morse theory for geodesics on Finsler manifolds

We prove the shifting theorems of the critical groups of critical points and critical orbits for the energy functionals of Finsler metrics on Hilbert manifolds of $H^1$-curves, and two splitting lemmas for the functionals on Banach manifolds of $C^1$-curves. Two results on critical groups of iterated closed geodesics are also proved; their corresponding versions on Riemannian manifolds are based on the usual splitting lemma by Gromoll and Meyer (1969). Our approach consists in deforming the square of the Finsler metric in a Lagrangian which is smooth also on the zero section and then in using the splitting lemma for nonsmooth functionals that the author recently developed in Lu (2011, 0000, 2013). The argument does not involve finite-dimensional approximations and any Palais' result in Palais (1966). As an application, we extend to Finsler manifolds a result by V. Bangert and W. Klingenberg (1983) about the existence of infinitely many, geometrically distinct, closed geodesics on a compact Riemannian manifold.