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Mechanism of production of light complex particles in nucleon-induced reactions

The Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics (ImQMD) model incorporated with the statistical decay model is successful in describing emission of nucleons in the intermediate energy spallation reactions, but not good enough in describing productions of light complex particles, i.e. $d$, $t$, $^3$He and $^4$He. To improve the description on emission of light complex particles, a phenomenological mechanism called surface coalescence and emission is introduced into ImQMD model: nucleon ready to escape from the compound nuclei can coalesce with the other nucleon(s) to form light complex particle and be emitted. With updated ImQMD model, the description on the experimental data of light complex particles produced in nucleon-induced reactions are great improved.