Measure of Self-Affine Sets and Associated Densities

Let $B$ be an $n\times n$ real expanding matrix and $\mathcal{D}$ be a finite subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ with $0\in\mathcal{D}$. The self-affine set $K=K(B,\mathcal{D})$ is the unique compact set satisfying the set-valued equation $BK=\displaystyle\bigcup_{d\in\mathcal{D}}(K+d)$. In the case where $\text{card}(\mathcal{D})=\lvert\det B\rvert,$ we relate the Lebesgue measure of $K(B,\mathcal{D})$ to the upper Beurling density of the associated measure $μ=\lim\limits_{s\to\infty}\sum\limits_{\ell_0,\dotsc,\ell_{s-1}\in\mathcal{D}}δ_{\ell_0+B\ell_1+\dotsb+B^{s-1}\ell_{s-1}}.$ If, on the other hand, $\text{card}(\mathcal{D})<\lvert\det B\rvert$ and $B$ is a similarity matrix, we relate the Hausdorff measure $\mathcal{H}^s(K)$, where $s$ is the similarity dimension of $K$, to a corresponding notion of upper density for the measure $μ$.

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