Maximal function characterizations for Hardy spaces associated to nonnegative self-adjoint operators on spaces of homogeneous type

Let $X$ be a metric measure space with a doubling measure and $L$ be a nonnegative self-adjoint operator acting on $L^2(X)$. Assume that $L$ generates an analytic semigroup $e^{-tL}$ whose kernels $p_t(x,y)$ satisfy Gaussian upper bounds but without any assumptions on the regularity of space variables $x$ and $y$. In this article we continue a study in \cite{SY} to give an atomic decomposition for the Hardy spaces $H^p_{L,max}(X)$ in terms of the nontangential maximal function associated with the heat semigroup of $L$, and hence we establish characterizations of Hardy spaces associated to an operator $L$, via an atomic decomposition or the nontangential maximal function. We also obtain an equivalence of $H^p_{L, max}(X)$ in terms of the radial maximal function.

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