Abstract
Penalized spline smoothing is a popular and flexible method of obtaining estimates in nonparametric regression but the classical least-squares criterion is highly susceptible to model deviations and atypical observations. Penalized spline estimation with a resistant loss function is a natural remedy, yet to this day the asymptotic properties of M-type penalized spline estimators have not been studied. We show in this paper that M-type penalized spline estimators achieve the same rates of convergence as their least-squares counterparts, even with auxiliary scale estimation. We further find theoretical justification for the use of a small number of knots relative to the sample size. We illustrate the benefits of M-type penalized splines in a Monte-Carlo study and two real-data examples, which contain atypical observations.
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