Paper detail

Interplay between uni-directional and bi-directional charge-density-wave orders in underdoped cuprates

We analyze the interplay between charge-density-wave (CDW) orders with axial momenta $(Q, 0)$ and $(0,Q)$ ($Δ_x$ and $Δ_y$ respectively), detected in the underdoped cuprates. The CDW order in real space can be uni-directional (either $Δ_x$ or $Δ_y$ is non-zero) or bi-directional (both $Δ_x$ and $Δ_y$ are non-zero). To understand which of the two orders develop, we adopt the magnetic scenario, in which the CDW order appears due to spin-fluctuation exchange, and derive the Ginzburg-Landau action to the sixth order in $Δ_x$ and $Δ_y$. We argue that, at the mean-field level, the CDW order is bi-directional at the onset, with equal amplitudes of $Δ_x$ and $Δ_y$, but changes to uni-directional inside the CDW phase. This implies that, at a given temperature, CDW order is uni-directional at smaller dopings, but becomes bi-directional at larger dopings. This is consistent with recent x-ray data on YBCO, which detected tendency towards bi-directional order at larger dopings. We discuss the role of discrete symmetry breaking at a higher temperature for the interplay between bi-directional and uni-directional CDW orders and also discuss the role of pair-density-wave (PDW) order, which may appear along with CDW. We argue that PDW with the same momentum as CDW changes the structure of the bi-directional charge order by completely replacing either $Δ_x$ or $Δ_y$ CDW components by PDW. However, if an "Amperean" PDW order, which pairs fermions with approximately the same momenta, is also present, both $Δ_x$ and $Δ_y$ remain non-zero in the bi-directional phase, albeit with non-equal amplitudes. This is again consistent with x-ray experiments, which at larger doping found non-equal $Δ_x$ and $Δ_y$ in every domain.