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Interaction between point charges, dipoles and graphene layers

We analyse the interaction between charges and graphene layers. The electric polarisability of graphene induces a force, that can be described by an image charge. The analysis shows that graphene can be described as an imperfect conductor with a finite dielectric constant, $ε_r$, for weak coupling, and it behaves as a metal for strong fields. As a consequence, the interaction between polar molecules and graphene layer(s) tends to align the molecular dipole along the direction normal to the graphene, and quantitative estimates of the energy gain are given The strength of this interaction can be sufficient to overcome thermal effects when the molecule is close to the layer, even at room temperature. Hence, boundary effects play a significant role in determining the structure of systems such as water confined in atomically narrow van der Waals heterostructures.